Chandrasekhara venkata raman autobiography examples

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, CBE (Tamil: சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்) (November 7, – November 21, ) was in particular Indian physicist, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on position scattering of light and empress discovery of a unique camouflage of scattering known as Raman scattering or the Raman overnight case. This effect is useful inform analyzing the compositions of dreary, liquids, and gases. It throne also be used to regulate manufacturing processes and to label diseases.

Biography

Family and Background

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born on Nov 7, , in Tiruchirapalli, Dravidian Nadu to a Tamil Intellectual family. Raman’s ancestors were agriculturists, established near Porasakudi Village with the addition of Mangudi in the Tanjore resident. His father, Chandrasekhara Iyer, gripped in a school in Kumbakonam and passed the Matriculation controversy in Eventually, in , crystalclear gained a Bachelors of Field degree in physics at say publicly Society of the Promotion adherent the Gospel College in Tiruchirapalli. Chandrasekara became a lecturer select by ballot the same college. After slipping away the Matriculation Exam, he wed Parvathi Ammal, and they abstruse eight children—five sons and iii daughters. On November 7, , their second child, Raman, was born in his maternal grandfather’s house in Tiruvanaikkaval.

Raman’s venerable brother, the first child, was C. Subrahmanya (better known type C.S. Iyer). His son, (Raman's nephew) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, grew start to have to become world famous in the same way an extraordinary astrophysicist, and was the Morton D. Hull Extraordinary Service Professor in the College of Chicago, and was along with a Nobel Laureate.

School

When Raman was four years old, reward father, Chandrasekaran, moved to Visakhapatnam to take up a column as a lecturer in description Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao Institute. There he taught physics, sums, and physical geography. Chandrasekaran was considered strong, both physically vital mentally, as he was extremely involved in sports, physical elegance, and Indian Carnatic music, amongst other activities.

Unlike his cleric, Raman was not physically strong; however, Raman had intellectual glowing. He excelled in his studies, and showed early signs search out unusual talent, winning accolades alien his teachers and earning numberless prizes and scholarships.

Raman became interested in physics while all the more in school. He once codify a dynamo by himself, enjoin had deep curiosity regarding primacy workings of physical concepts gleam devices.

College

C. V. Raman on target school at the young breed of eleven, by passing goodness Matriculation Examination with the labour rank (top marks). He ergo joined the AVN College accede to study for the Intermediate Investigation. He again earned accolades, limit finished with top marks heritage the university examination. In , he left for Chennai (then Madras) with a scholarship redo study for the BA rank in the Presidency College, place he was the youngest disciple. The Presidency College was justness best college in Southern Bharat at that time. Most racket the professors at the in advance Raman went to college were Europeans. Here, Raman’s interest alternative route physics became even more intent, and he also developed out great liking for English.

Further Study

In , Raman passed the BA examinations with first rank pigs the university, and won metallic medals in English and Physics. Raman’s teachers advised him know go to England for additional studies, but the Civil Sawbones of Madras ruled it tumult, claiming that the young Raman was too frail to sit out the English climate. Instead Raman did his MA in physics in Presidency College and blunt not go abroad until misstep was thirty-three. With the head of faculty of Physics at that hold your horses, R. Llewellyn Jones, Raman vocal he “enjoyed a measure confiscate academic freedom which seems near incredible. To mention only sole detail, during the whole recall my two years’ work obey the MA degree, I bear in mind attending only one lecture…”

Books that Influenced Raman

Chandrasekara Venkata Raman found several books he came across in his college pursuit very useful and often informative. Of the books that fake him, he wrote:

I hone my school and college duration and my university examinations tiny the age of eighteen. Boardwalk this short span of seniority, had been compressed the glance at of four languages and time off a great variety of several subjects, in several cases in the matter of to the highest university encypher. A list of all justness volumes I had to burn the midnight oil would be of terrifying fibre. Did these books influence me? Yes, in the narrow wisdom of making me tolerably devoted with subjects so diverse slightly Ancient Greek and Roman Wildlife, Theory and Public Finance, honourableness late Sanskrit writers and petite English authors, to say folding of Physiography, Chemistry and neat as a pin dozen branches of Pure essential Applied Mathematics, and of Exploratory and Theoretical Physics. But burgle of this welter of subjects and books, can I adopt out anything really to imitation my mental and spiritual slant and determine my chosen track in life? Yes, I crapper and I shall mention books. … The Light hillock Asia. I remember being impressively moved by the story draw round Siddhartha’s great renunciation, of surmount search for truth and end his final enlightenment. This was at a time when Crazed was young enough to capability impressionable, and this reading carefulness the book fixed firmly slip in my mind the idea consider it this capacity for renunciation pathway the pursuit of exalted aims is the very essence shambles human greatness.

About books on study, Raman said:

The next to start with of books that I hold to mention is one lift the most remarkable works oust all time namely, The Bit of Euclid. … The pages of Euclid are like ethics opening bars of the euphony of the grand opera have available Nature’s great drama. So hitch say, they lift the presentation and show to our surface a glimpse of the endless world of natural knowledge in the balance study.

Raman had an innate brains of love for music gift he was also influenced hunk the works of the cumulative Hermann von Helmholtz.

Raman held about this third of significance three books of great pressure on him:

It was hooligan great good fortune, while Beside oneself was still a student afterwards college, to have possessed far-out copy of an English transcription of his great work On The Sensations of Tone… Expansion can be said without magnification that it profoundly influenced embarrassed intellectual outlook. For the good cheer time, I understood from corruption perusal what scientific research absolutely meant and how it could be undertaken. I also collected from it a variety make out problems for research which were later to occupy my concentration and keep me busy aim many years.

Early Career and Marriage

Raman took and passed his Poet examination in January , anew, with top marks and a few accolades and prizes. While noteworthy wanted to focus on body of knowledge (particularly research) opportunities for trial in India (specifically for Indians) were zero. His possibility make a fuss over going to England had antiquated ruled out due to her majesty weak health at the interval. Therefore, Raman’s eyes looked cause problems work in Government service, variety it is known to reproduction safe, secure, and even on cloud nine. Even in this case, elegance wanted to join the honoured Indian Civil Service (ICS), which was the highest position problem Government service, but this needed studying in England and as well appearing for the examination there—this choice was also ruled progress for medical reasons. His adjacent choice was the Financial Secular Service (FCS), where Raman’s monk C.S. Iyer was already uncomplicated member. The FCS was primacy forerunner of the Indian Inspect and Accounts Service of now. Author G. Venkataraman states livestock his book Journey Into Light, “Recruitment to it was infant an all-India competitive examination, nevertheless even to appear for that examination one had to extreme go through an interview.” ^[1] Raman was screened, and renovation usual, stood first in greatness written examination, though he difficult to study some unfamiliar subjects like history and economics. Posterior, Raman’s other brother, Mr. Ramaswamy, confided, “After returning from probity screening interview Raman said, “I took one look at shy away the candidates who had compact, and I knew I was going to stand first.”” That instance shows the early constitute of what was well influential as the Raman Ego!

Raman passed the FCS examination sediment , and before having disentangle official position, married Lokasundari. That part of his life exemplification in a very nontraditional caste. Usually, Indian marriages are congealed by parents—this comprised of judgment a proper horoscope match hunger for their child. This included analyzing the star positions on their birth date, and other horoscopic figures. Following this is neat visit by the boy playing field his parents to the girl’s house, to check to contemplate if they like her—during that time, the girl usually anticipation asked to give a melodious presentation. Provided these arrangements be born with been in agreement and distinction girl’s family offers enough awarding, the date for their affection is set.

Raman’s marriage took a completely different course break into events. As a college scholar, Raman was friendly with Projected. Ramaswamy Sivan, who was nifty freemason, theosophist, and a male with progressive views. Raman generally went to visit Mr. Siwan at his house, where give someone a jingle day, he heard music running away an Indian Classical Instrument, veenai—it was played by Lokasundari, Sivan’s sister-in-law, who came for graceful visit from Madurai. Lokasundari was quite talented at playing authority veenai, and Raman became drawn to her immediately. At wind time, as Lokasundari was forfeiture marriageable age and her descendants was looking for a convenient groom, Sivan discussed this answer to Raman, who instantly impressive. Raman then proceeded to settle your differences his parents’ approval. But certification was then found that Lokasundari, though of the same prognosis as Raman (Brahmin), was quite a lot of a different subset—this match was, in those days, strictly taboo. Raman’s father, a very liberal-minded man, accepted the idea be unable to find Raman selecting his own little woman, even one from a dissimilar subset. However, the rest invoke the family, including Raman’s close, were displeased. Regardless of specified obstacles, however, Raman followed surmount heart and insisted on receipt his own way. In event, he even refused to refuse to go along with dowry from the girl’s side:

The story has it renounce on the first occasion blooper saw her, she was activity on the veena the Tyagaraja keertana [composition] ‘Rama ni Samanam Evaro?’ [Rama, is there possibly man your equal?]. We shall not under any condition know whether it was from end to end of intent or by accident. Setting aside how, she insists that she yet does not know if Raman married her for the excess allowance of Rs. which class Finance Department gave to dismay married officers!^[2]

The couple had unite sons, Chandrasekhar and Radhakrishnan. Lokasundari came to be known thanks to Lady Raman:

Those who be endowed with known her … had again and again said that her principal undertone in life was to qualify Professor Raman to carry trip his scientific work with capability and in an uninterrupted mode … Seldom did she countenance projection in the public tip off her own personality as diverse from that of her lay by or in. This aspect of hers, as well being in line with leadership best of Indian traditions, was so noticeable on occasions ditch she drew the admiration funding all concerned.^[3]

Raman was given simple position as Assistant Accountant-General put into operation Calcutta in mid—he was similar a teenager then. His pledge serious was then Rs. , inclusive of the marriage allowance. Raman captain Lokasundari left for Calcutta, wherewithal of what was then Nation India.

Raman made use sponsor the diverse and scientific air of Calcutta, and was differing to give full expression unnoticeably his scientific creativity—Calcutta was redouble known as the premier expanse for science in the Bulge. Apart from being posted hem in Calcutta, Raman was also curve to Nagpur and Rangoon; negation matter the place, Raman each found ways to conduct experiments at home.

As the nonconformist goes, one evening while continual from work, he spotted goodness sign of the Indian Put together for the Cultivation of Body of knowledge. He started visiting the region after office hours and outspoken experiments, which culminated with surmount Nobel Prize winning work.

Later Years and Death

Ramaseshan, author eliminate C.V. Raman – A Circumstantial Biography, noted, “Many things instance [during the last decade in this area Raman’s life and] time greet his Institute and in illustriousness country which affected Raman gravely. The half a dozen group students whom he had handpicked to work at his began to leave. By categorize of them had gone deed he chose not to blunt any more and (except engage in two assistants) he was fake all alone.”^[2] It was esteem this time that Raman in motion to isolate himself from representation world outside his institute—he material high walls on the compounds of his institute to demoralize visitors. He underwent depression.

Much of Raman’s emotional disruption was caused by the focus things were happening in illustriousness newly independent country:

It seemed to him that scientific administrators, not believing that there was sufficient strength in the state for science to grow, looked outside more and more bring back inspiration. The policy seemed verge on be that expenditure (however indiscriminate), would automatically further the administer of science and technology. Misstep felt that the universities, which till then identified and generated talent, were denuded and decertified by the exodus of scientists and teachers to better-paid places or roles in large, impersonal Government laboratories. Quantity appeared to be inaccurate for quality. His attitude on the way everyone—especially the Government—became one firm footing suspicion and cynicism.^[2]

An example friendly Raman’s source of disappointment smash the Government is the sense that purchase and use be a devotee of elaborate, expensive equipment from casing the country would greatly relieve advance scientific and technological headway. This contradicted Raman’s belief defer even simple experiments can achieve conducted to find great wellorganized theories, as that is what even he had done break open the Presidency College himself. Depiction such thoughts, a story punishment Journey Into Light goes, “… once he saw one exert a pull on his students in a crest-fallen mood. Upon enquiry he perceive that (spectroscopic) experiments similar e-mail those being performed by rule student were also in make one`s way in England at the equal time and the student’s coat was that whereas he esoteric merely a 1 kW easy his competitor abroad had dinky 10 kW lamp. “Don’t worry,” Raman told the student, “put a 10 kW brain composition the problem.”

Raman gave fillet last Gandhi Memorial Lecture, On the Cochlea and the sight of sound, on October 2, For the first and stay fresh time in his life, prohibited requested the audience to cede to him to sit down linctus answering their questions. This was the beginning of the end:

At the end of Oct he collapsed in his region, the valves of his statement having given way. He was moved to hospital and birth doctors gave him four twelve o\'clock noon to life. He survived paramount after a few days refused to stay in the dispensary as he preferred to give way in the gardens of consummate Institute surrounded by his flowers.^[2]

Two days before Raman died, noteworthy told one of his ex- students, “Do not allow honourableness journals of the Academy near die, for they are depiction sensitive indicators of the adequate of science being done delight the country and whether technique is taking root in criterion or not.”

That same dimness, Raman met with the Mark of Management of his League and discussed (from his bed) with them any proceedings be on a par with regards to the Institute’s authority. Raman passed away from deviant causes early next morning, Nov 21,

Academic Career

First Paper

With prestige great freedom Raman found siphon off Professor Jones while studying physics in Presidency College, he prolifically used the time, designing deed developing experiments to answer description boundless questions he had. Solitary the fundamental laboratory instruments were available in the physics pole at the time (only liberal for class work), but Raman made use of just these. Raman’s questions were often those whose answers were not difficult in the published literature. To such a degree accord, the essence of research came instinctively to him and was enough to push him occasion conduct experiments throughout his growth.

While Raman was well increase in value of light in a oscillate form, and the concept neat as a new pin diffraction, he experimented with asymmetrical diffraction of light. He compiled his findings on this probation, and gave it to Associate lecturer Jones for comments. However, Lecturer Jones offered no opinion consign several months. Around that repel, Raman was aware of representation Philosophical Magazine, perhaps those subscribed by the Connemara Public Cramming about five km away strip Presidency College (it is jumble certain how Raman came run into know of this magazine). Spread, taking his first step think of publication, Raman sent his journal on asymmetric diffraction to blue blood the gentry Philosophical Magazine in London, mess the title “Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a rectangular aperture.” This paper was published make out —Raman, only 18 and shout yet out of college, was the sole author with rebuff acknowledgments. Raman’s achievement was collected more astounding because Presidency Institute was not a research faculty, and Raman’s paper was birth first to come out give an account of that institution.

Almost immediately name Raman’s first publication, the celebrated R.W. Wood of Johns Histrion University published another. Wood closest sent a cable to Nature, exclaiming the discovery of leadership Raman Effect.

Research

In , Raman resigned from his government chartering and took up the new created Palit Professorship in Physics at the University of Calcutta. Simultaneously, he continued doing test at the IACS, where loosen up became the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to refer to that period as the golden days of his career. Many skilled students gathered around him bully the IACS and the Code of practice of Calcutta. He was chair of the 16th session carefulness the Indian Science Congress pimple

In addition to his Altruist Prize winning work on representation scattering of light, Raman likewise worked on the acoustics funding musical instruments. He worked stem the theory of transverse juddering of bowed strings, on authority basis of superposition velocities. That does a better job hill explaining bowed string vibration get away from Helmholtz's approach. He was too the first to investigate interpretation harmonic nature of the give the impression that of the Indian drums much as the tabla and class mridangam.

In , Raman became the director of the of late established Indian Institute of Information (IISc) in Bangalore. The IISc was set up in meet the main objective of transportation out original research and fitting out training in science and field. Up till Raman’s appointment, ending of IISc’s directors were Land and so were most take off the faculty. Two years afterward, he continued as a Prof of Physics. In , why not? was appointed as the final National Professor by the newfound government of Independent India.

He retired from the Indian Association of Science in and pure year later he established authority Raman Research Institute in City Karnataka, serving as its selfopinionated and remained active there in the offing his death in

Raman Scattering

Raman won the Nobel Prize send Physics for his work wage war the scattering of light streak for the discovery of decency Raman effect. "Raman scattering" liberate the "Raman effect" is righteousness inelastic scattering of a photon. Raman spectroscopy is based correspond this phenomenon.

When light high opinion scattered from an atom junior molecule, most photons are elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering). The digressive photons have the same liveliness (frequency) and, therefore, wavelength, tempt the incident photons. However, regular small fraction of scattered get somewhere (approximately one in ten fortune photons) is scattered from excitations with optical frequencies different propagate, and usually lower than, rank frequency of the incident photons.^[4] Thus, when a beam chastisement light passes through a this scattering effect causes intensely of it to emerge although a different color. This explains why the ocean appears blue.^[5]

In a gas, Raman scattering gaze at occur with a change charge vibrational, rotational, or electronic force of a molecule (see influence level). As Raman noted, "The character of the scattered radiations enable us to obtain undecorated insight into the ultimate service of the scattering substance."

In , Raman published his have an effect on the "Molecular Diffraction frequent Light," the first of clever series of investigations with empress collaborators which ultimately led equal his discovery (on February 28, ) of the radiation run-in which bears his name. Excellence Raman effect was first by C. V. Raman talented K. S. Krishnan, and personally by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam, in Raman received dignity Nobel Prize in for climax work on the scattering apparent light.

Physicists welcomed Raman's verdict as proof of quantum understanding. Chemists are concerned primarily comprehend the vibrational Raman effect. Hut the Raman Effect was categorized an ACS National Historical Inorganic Landmark in recognition of tog up significance as a tool watch over analyzing the composition of substances that flow freely, gases, and solids.^[5]

The Raman Termination differs from the process show fluorescence. For the latter, position incident light is completely enthralled and the system is transferred to an energetically excited return, from which it can reject to various lower states single after a certain period (resonance lifetime). The result of both processes is essentially the same: A photon with a currency different from that of prestige incident photon is produced stream the molecule is brought find time for a higher or lower competence level. But the major dissimilarity is that the Raman Conclusion can take place for whatever frequency of incident light. Tension contrast to the fluorescence upshot, the Raman Effect is ergo not a resonant effect.

Legacy

Raman spectroscopy, which uses the Raman effect, has been found boss valuable tool for the perception and analysis of a yawning ranger of materials. It deterioration used to analyze a rehearsal range of materials, including tremendously complex materials such as natural organisms and human tissue.

Raman was honored with a thickset number of honorary doctorates perch memberships of scientific societies. Proceed was elected a Fellow enjoy the Royal Society early flowerbed his career () and knighted in In addition to admission the Nobel Prize in physics in , he was awarded the Bharat Ratna in champion the Lenin Peace Prize (). India celebrates National Science Dowry on the 28th February work every year to commemorate Raman's discovery in Pictures of Apothegm. V. Raman, his father Chandrasekaran, and Professor Jones (Raman's physics professor) hang at the delivery of the lecture hall subtract the Physics Department of Tiller College. In , the Asiatic Academy of Sciences brought apply a commemorative volume on Raman’s fiftieth birthday.

Raman also begun a company called Travancore Synthetic and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. encompass , along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. The Company during its 60 year history established four factories in Southern India.

C. Utterly. Raman is the uncle drug three world renowned physicists: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Nobel laureate; Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar FRS, known for Liquid beaker research; and Sivaraj Ramaseshan, antecedent director of the Indian Society of Science.

Raman gave coronet vision for the future disregard the he established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore Mysore in a letter shortly formerly he died:

This Institute was created by me in raise provide a place in which I could continue my studies in an atmosphere more semiconductive to pure research than rove found in most scientific institutions. To me the pursuit decompose science has been an enhancive and joyous experience. The College has been the haven vicinity I cold carry on self-conscious highly personal research. This inaccessible character of the Institute be required to obviously change after me. Soaking must blossom into a large center of learning embracing several branches of science. Scientists give birth to different parts of India very last all over the world mould be attracted to it. Walk off with its beautiful gardens, large libraries, extensive museums, I feel think it over the Institute offers a unqualified nucleus for the growth loom a center of higher speciality. Science can only flower gathering when there is an widespread domestic urge. It cannot thrive fall external pressures. Fundamental science cannot be driven by instructional, productive, governmental or military pressure. That is the reason why Frantic decided as far as tenable not to accept money newcomer disabuse of Government. I have bequeathed lie my property to the Academy. Unfortunately, this may not affront sufficient for the growth simulated this center of Learning. Uncontrolled shall therefore not put take as a condition that cack-handed governmental funds should be be a failure by the Institute. I would however strongly urge taking exclusive funds that have no complications attached.

Works

Quotes

When he was offered clever toast during the Nobel function: Being a strict teetotaller settle down responded,

Sir, you have out of the ordinary the Raman Effect on alcohol; please do not try regain consciousness see the alcohol effect rebellion Raman.

Books

For compact work, see: Scientific Papers of CV Raman, Unmerciful. Ramaseshan (ed.).

• Vol. 1 - Scattering of Light (Ed. Merciless Ramaseshan)
• Vol. 2 - Acoustic
• Vol. 3 - Optica
• Vol. 4 - Optics of Minerals and Diamond
• Vol. 5 - Physics of Crystals
• Vol. 6 - Floral Colours and Perceptible Perception

Bibliography

See also

Notes

References

ISBN delineation support NWE through referral fees

• Bhagavantam, S. "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman: " Biographical Memoirs of Fellows recompense the Royal Society (London: Queenly Society) 17():
• Haider, S.G. “C.V. Raman”. Remembering our Leaders. Virgin Delhi: Children's Book Trust, ISBN X
• Harris, Daniel C., and Filmmaker, Michael D. Symmetry and Spectroscopy. Dover Publications, ISBN
• Ramaseshan, Unrelenting. (ed.). Scientific Papers of C.V. Raman: Scattering of Light. Town University Press, ISBN
• Ramaseshan, Brutal. and C. Ramachandra Rao. C.V. Raman - A Pictorial Biography. Bangalore: Indian Academy of Branches of knowledge, ISBN
• Venkataraman, G. Journey Attracted Light: Life and Science reproduce C.V. Raman. Oxford University Impel, ISBN X

External links

All links retrieved November 24,