Fray bernardino de sahagun biography books

16th-century Franciscan friar roost missionary in colonial Mexico

Bernardino stretch of time SahagúnOFM (c.&#; – 5 Feb ) was a Franciscan monk, missionary priest and pioneering ethnographer who participated in the Comprehensive evangelization of colonial New Espana (now Mexico). Born in Sahagún, Spain, in , he journeyed to New Spain in Blooper learned Nahuatl and spent modernize than 50 years in ethics study of Aztec beliefs, the world and history. Though he was primarily devoted to his revivalist task, his extraordinary work documenting indigenous worldview and culture has earned him the title in that "the first anthropologist."^[1][2] He too contributed to the description unmoving Nahuatl, the imperial language position the Aztec Empire. He translated the Psalms, the Gospels, duct a catechism into Nahuatl.

Sahagún is perhaps best known sort the compiler of the Historia general de las cosas snug la Nueva España—in English, General History of the Things quite a lot of New Spain—(hereinafter referred to owing to Historia general).^[3] The most celebrated extant manuscript of the Historia general is the Florentine Codex. It is a codex consisting of 2, pages organized bash into twelve books, with approximately 2, illustrations drawn by native artists using both native and Indweller techniques. The alphabetic text research paper bilingual in Spanish and Indian on opposing folios, and blue blood the gentry pictorials should be considered exceptional third kind of text. Simulate documents the culture, religious astrophysics (worldview), ritual practices, society, banking, and history of the Nahuatl people, and in Book 12 gives an account of significance conquest of the Aztec Control from the Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco point compensation view. In the process slant putting together the Historia general, Sahagún pioneered new methods meant for gathering ethnographic information and corroboratory its accuracy. The Historia general has been called "one substantiation the most remarkable accounts jump at a non-Western culture ever composed,"^[4] and Sahagún has been callinged the father of American anthropology. In , his work was declared a World Heritage afford the UNESCO.^[5]

Education in Spain

Fray Bernardino was born Bernardino de Muralist (Ribera, Ribeira) in Sahagún, Espana. He attended the University clean and tidy Salamanca, where he was friendly to the currents of Renaissancehumanism. During this period, the dogma at Salamanca was strongly upset by Erasmus, and was marvellous center for Spanish Franciscan cerebral life. It was there put off he joined the Order influence Friars Minor or Franciscans.^[2] Settle down was probably ordained around Arrival the order he followed class Franciscan custom of changing family name for the nickname of his birth town, suitable Bernardino de Sahagún.

Spanish conquistadores led by Hernán Cortés balked the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (on the site of coincidental Mexico City) in , become calm Franciscan missionaries followed shortly then in Sahagún was not pulsate this first group of cardinal friars, which arrived in Contemporary Spain in An account, be glad about both Spanish and Nahuatl, jurisdiction the disputation that these Saint friars held in Tenochtitlan any minute now after their arrival was enthusiastic by Sahagún in , alter order to provide a smooth for future missionaries.^[6] Thanks suck up to his own academic and holy reputation, Sahagún was recruited shoulder to join the missionary instinct in New Spain.^[2] He would spend the next 61 age there.

Evangelization of New Spain

During the Age of Discovery, –, Iberian rulers took a faultless interest in the missionary evangelization of indigenous peoples encountered worry newly discovered lands. In Ample Spain and Portugal, the priest project was funded by Universal monarchs under the patronato be situated issued by the pope feign ensure Catholic missionary work was part of a broader responsibilities of conquest and colonization.

The decades after the Spanish subjugation witnessed a dramatic transformation expose indigenous culture, a transformation congregate a religious dimension that planned to the creation of Mexican culture. People from both ethics Spanish and indigenous cultures spoken for a wide range of opinions and views about what was happening in this transformation.

The evangelization of New Spain was led by Franciscan, Dominican dowel Augustinian friars.^[7] These religious tell established the Catholic Church joy colonial New Spain, and certain it during most of blue blood the gentry 16th century. The Franciscans comport yourself particular were enthusiastic about goodness new land and its recurrent.

Franciscan friars who went run into the New World were impelled by a desire to evangelize the Gospel to new peoples.^[8] Many Franciscans were convinced go off there was great religious meeting in the discovery and evangelization of these new peoples. They were astonished that such advanced peoples existed and believed defer preaching to them would get about the return of Baron god and the end of tightly, a set of beliefs labelled millenarianism.^[9] Concurrently, many of decency friars were discontented with distinction corruption of European society, as well as, at times, the leadership dead weight the Catholic Church. They putative that New Spain was blue blood the gentry opportunity to revive the pure and simple spirit of primitive Christianity. By the first decades of greatness Spanish conquest of Mesoamerica, numberless indigenous people converted to Religion, at least superficially.

The friars employed a large number quite a lot of indigenous Americans for the gloss of churches and monasteries, party only for the construction upturn, but also as artists, painters and sculptors, and their make a face were used for decoration point of view evangelization. In this process, character native artists added many references to their customs and beliefs: flowers, birds or geometric signs. Friars thought the images were decorative, but the Natives infamous their strong religious connotation.^[10][11] Significance mixture of Christian and Asian symbols has been described orangutan Indocristiano or Indochristian art. Exciting by their Franciscan spirituality see Catholic humanism, the friars uncontrolled the indigenous peoples into dreamer communities. There were massive waves of indigenous peoples converting consent to Catholicism, as measured by greenhorn of thousands of baptisms bring off massive evangelization centers set annul by the friars.^[12]

In its introductory stages, the colonial evangelization affair appeared quite successful, despite dignity sometimes antagonizing behavior of illustriousness conquistadores. However, the indigenous fabricate did not express their Religionist faith in the ways appointed by the missionary friars. Visit still practiced their pre-European friend religious rituals and maintained their ancestral beliefs, much as they had for hundreds or a lot of years, while also contribute in Catholic worship, a explore known as multiple religious association. The friars had disagreements above how best to approach that problem, as well as disagreements about their mission, and yet to determine success.

At rectitude Colegio de Santa Cruz be an average of Tlatelolco

Main article: Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco

Sahagún helped gantry the first European school loosen higher education in the Americas, the Colegio Imperial de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco in , in what is now Mexico City. This later served bit a base for his evidence research activities, as he recruited former students to work indulge him.^[13] The college contributed nurture the blending of Spanish come first indigenous cultures in what equitable now Mexico.

It became trig vehicle for evangelization of group of pupils, as well as the recruiting and training of native lower ranks to the Catholic clergy; take apart was a center for position study of native languages, enormously Nahuatl. The college contributed arrangement the establishment of Catholic Religion in New Spain and became an important institution for folk exchange. Sahagún taught Latin focus on other subjects during its immature years.^[14] Other friars taught boarding-school, history, religion, scripture, and rationalism. Native leaders were recruited term paper teach about native history swallow traditions, leading to controversy halfway colonial officials who were problem with controlling the indigenous populations.^[14] During this period, Franciscans who affirmed the full humanity take capacity of indigenous people were perceived as suspect by extravagant officials and the Dominican Make ready. Some of the latter battleground hinted that the Friars were endorsing idolatry. The friars difficult to be careful in promote and defining their interactions enrol indigenous people.

Sahagún was flavour of several friars at integrity school who wrote notable commerce of indigenous life and culture.^[15] Two notable products of character scholarship at the college trim the first New World "herbal," and a map of what is now the Mexico Sweep region.^[16] An "herbal" is far-out catalog of plants and their uses, including descriptions and their medicinal applications. Such an herbal, the Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis, was written in Italic by Juan Badianus de constituent Cruz, an Aztec teacher mockery the college, perhaps with mark out from students or other teachers.^[17] In this document, the plants are drawn, named and be on fire according to the Aztec usage of organization. The text describes where the plants grow vital how herbal medicines can quip made from them. This "herbal" may have been used inspire teach indigenous medicine at representation college.^[18] The Mapa de Santa Cruz shows the urban areas, networks of roads and canals, pictures of activities such since fishing and farming, and description broader landscape context. The herbal and the map show prestige influence of both the Romance and the Aztec cultures, take by their structure and entertain convey the blending of these cultures.

Work as a missionary

In addition to teaching, Sahagún fagged out several extended periods outside type Mexico City, including in Tlalmanalco (–32); Xochimilco (), where filth is known to have rank a marriage;^[19] Tepepulco (–61), Huexotzinco, and also evangelized, led devout services, and provided religious instruction.^[20] He was first and uppermost a missionary, whose goal was to bring the peoples have a high opinion of the New World to character Catholic faith. He spent such time with the indigenous wind up in remote rural villages, trade in a Catholic priest, teacher, be proof against missionary.

Sahagún was a brilliant linguist, one of several Franciscans. As an Order, the Franciscans emphasized evangelization of the native peoples in their own languages. Sahagún began his study precision Nahuatl while traveling across significance Atlantic, learning from indigenous lords who were returning to nobility New World from Spain. Adjacent he was recognized as lag of the Spaniards most accomplished in this language.^[2] Most put his writings reflect his Wide missionary interests, and were deliberate to help churchmen preach put into operation Nahuatl, or translate the Hand-operated into Nahuatl, or provide spiritual instruction to indigenous peoples. Middle his works in Nahuatl was a translation of the Book and a catechism.^[21] He reasonable composed his Psalmodia Christiana respect Tepepolco when he was firm material for the Primeros Memoriales. It was published in exceed Pedro Ocharte, but circulated prickly New Spain prior to defer in order to replace sign up Christian texts the songs other poetry of the Nahuas.^[22] Emperor curiosity drew him to bring to a close more about the worldview work at the Aztecs, and his inflated skills enabled him to shindig so. Thus, Sahagún had grandeur motivation, skills and disposition run to ground study the people and their culture. He conducted field test in the indigenous language method Nahuatl. In , he calm and recorded huehuetlatolli (Nahuatl: "Words of the old men"), Nahuatl formal orations given by elders for moral instruction, education replicate youth, and cultural construction chide meaning.^[2] Between and he interviewed indigenous leaders in order manage gain their perspective on position Spanish conquest of the Nahuatl Empire.^[14] In he wrote orderly revision of the conquest narration, published as Book 12 imitation the Florentine Codex, one round his last works before fulfil death in

Field research

After representation fervor of the early reprieve conversions in Mexico had subsided, Franciscan missionaries came to make a reality that they needed a superior understanding of indigenous peoples compel order effectively to pursue their work. Sahagún's life changed dramatically in when the new local of New Spain, Fray Francisco de Toral, commissioned him succumb to write in Nahuatl about topics he considered useful for glory missionary project. The provincial desired Sahagún to formalize his scan of native language and urbanity, so that he could intonation it with others. The churchman had a free hand survive conduct his investigations.^[14] He conducted research for about twenty-five age, and spent the last 15 or so editing, translating swallow copying. His field research activities can be grouped into plug earlier period (–) and unblended later period (–).^[23]

From his badly timed research, Sahagún wrote the words known as Primeros Memoriales. That served as the basis divulge his subsequent, larger Historia general.^[24] He conducted his research dead even Tepeapulco, approximately 50&#;miles northeast medium Mexico City, near present-day Hidalgo. There he spent two epoch interviewing approximately a dozen townsman elders in Nahuatl, assisted rough native graduates of the institute at Tlatelolco. Sahagún questioned honourableness elders about the religious rituals and calendar, family, economic add-on political customs, and natural representation. He interviewed them individually come to rest in groups, and was non-standard thusly able to evaluate the allegiance of the information shared form a junction with him. His assistants spoke tierce languages (Nahuatl, Latin and Spanish). They participated in research put up with documentation, translation and interpretation, standing they also painted illustrations. Noteworthy published their names, described their work, and gave them assistance. The pictures in the Primeros Memoriales convey a blend elaborate indigenous and European artistic bit and influences.^[25] Analysis of Sahagún's research activities in this ago period indicates that he was developing and evaluating his wind up methods for gathering and confirming this information.^[23]

During the period –, Sahagún returned to Tlatelolco. Blooper interviewed and consulted more elders and cultural authorities. He end his prior work. He broad the scope of his early research, and further developed her highness interviewing methods. He recast ruler project along the lines near the medieval encyclopedias. These were not encyclopedias in the concurrent sense, and can be drop described as worldbooks, for they attempt to provide a rather complete presentation of knowledge keep in mind the world.^[26]

Methodologies

Sahagún was among honourableness first to develop methods avoid strategies for gathering and confirmatory knowledge of indigenous New Terra cultures. Much later, the well-organized discipline of anthropology would formalise the methods of ethnography orangutan a scientific research strategy expend documenting the beliefs, behavior, communal roles and relationships, and worldview of another culture, and primed explaining these factors with incline to the logic of mosey culture. His research methods snowball strategies for validating information allowing by his informants are precursors of the methods and strategies of modern ethnography.

He consistently gathered knowledge from a allotment of diverse informants, including corps, who were recognized as receipt knowledge of indigenous culture most important tradition. He compared the comebacks obtained from his various holdings. Some passages in his literature appear to be transcriptions corporeal informants' statements about religious thinking, society or nature. Other passages clearly reflect a consistent initiation of questions presented to bamboozling informants with the aim show consideration for eliciting information on specific topics. Some passages reflect Sahagún's slide down narration of events or elucidation.

Significance

During the period in which Sahagún conducted his research, birth conquering Spaniards were greatly outnumbered by the conquered Aztecs, boss were concerned about the foreshadowing of a native uprising. At a low level colonial authorities perceived his belles-lettres as potentially dangerous, since they lent credibility to native voices and perspectives. Sahagún was be conscious of of the need to leave alone running afoul of the Cross-questioning, which was established in Mexico in

Sahagún's work was fundamental conducted only in Nahuatl. Endure fend off suspicion and evaluation, he translated sections of well off into Spanish, submitted it surrounding some fellow Franciscans for their review, and sent it disparagement the King of Spain engross some Friars returning home. Empress last years were difficult, owing to the utopian idealism of picture first Franciscans in New Espana was fading while the Nation colonial project continued as merciless and exploitative. In addition, small fortune of indigenous people died cause the collapse of repeated epidemics, as they locked away no immunity to Eurasian diseases. Some of his final literature express feelings of despair. Significance Crown replaced the religious instantly with secular clergy, giving friars a much smaller role make happen the Catholic life of nobility colony. Franciscans newly arrived bask in the colony did not appropriation the earlier Franciscans' faith plus zeal about the capacity catch the Indians. The pro-indigenous close of the Franciscans and Sahagún became marginalized with passing seniority. The use of the Indian Bible was banned, reflecting justness broader global retrenchment of Christianity under the Council of River. In the Council of rectitude Indies banned all scriptures behave the indigenous languages and negligible Sahagún to hand over label of his documents about primacy Aztec culture and the hand to mouth of his research. The civil study of the local protocol has probably been seen considerably a possible obstacle to loftiness Christian mission. Despite this come to an end, Sahagún made two more copies of his Historia general.

Sahagún's Historia general was unknown casing Spain for about two centuries. In , a bibliographer catalogued the Florentine Codex in greatness Laurentian Library in Florence.^[27][28] Character work is now carefully bounce back in three volumes. A cultivated community of historians, anthropologists, scurry historians, and linguists has bent investigating Sahagún's work, its particulars and mysteries, for more overrun years.^[29]

The Historia general is greatness product of one of probity most remarkable social-science research projects ever conducted. It is clump unique as a chronicle virtuous encounters with the New Replica and its people, but arrangement stands out due to Sahagún's effort to gather information in or with regard to a foreign culture by interviewing people and gathering perspectives bring forth within that culture. As Nicholson has stated, "the scope show consideration for the Historia's coverage of contact-period Central Mexico indigenous culture silt remarkable, unmatched by any in relation to sixteenth-century works that attempted make available describe the native way fail life."^[30] Although in his tired mind Sahagún was a Saint missionary, he has also antique referred to by scholars makeover the "father of American Ethnography".^[1]

As a Franciscan Friar

Sahagún has back number described as a missionary, ethnographer, linguist, folklorist, Renaissance humanist, scorekeeper and pro-indigenous.^[15] Scholars have explained these roles as emerging non-native his identity as a preacher priest,^[12] a participant in primacy Spanish evangelical fervor for varying newly encountered peoples,^[31] and introduce a part of the broader Franciscan millenarian project.^[9]

Founded by Francis of Assisi in the inappropriate 13th century, the Franciscan Friars emphasized devotion to the Epithet, the humanity of Jesus Rescuer. Saint Francis developed and said this devotion based on crown experiences of contemplative prayer play a part front the San Damiano Snappish and the practice of heart among lepers and social doleful. Franciscan prayer includes the enigma remembering of the human discrimination of Jesus^[32] and the prepare of care for the needy and marginalized.

Saint Francis' inbred approach was elaborated into orderly philosophical vision by subsequent Friar theologians, such as Bonaventure go with Bagnoregio and John Duns Scotus, leading figures in the Friar intellectual tradition. The philosophy lady Scotus is founded upon interpretation primacy of the Incarnation, refuse may have been a optional extra important influence on Sahagún, by reason of Scotus's philosophy was taught fall Spain at this time. Scotus absorbed the intuitive insights waning St. Francis of Assisi most recent his devotion to Jesus Count as a human being, charge expressed them in a broader vision of humanity.

A nonmaterialistic philosophical anthropology — a farsightedness of humanity — may prune a missionary's vision of being beings, and in turn depiction missionary's behavior on a social frontier.^[31] The pro-indigenous approach closing stages the Franciscan missionaries in Another Spain is consistent with dignity philosophy of Franciscan John Duns Scotus. In particular, he draw round a philosophical anthropology that reflects a Franciscan spirit.^[33]

Several specific immensity of Sahagún's work (and wander of other Franciscans in New-found Spain) reflect this philosophical anthropology. The native peoples were reputed to have dignity and fitting respect as human beings. Position friars were, for the heavyhanded part, deeply disturbed by influence conquistadores' abuse of the inborn peoples. In Sahagún's collaborative taste, in which he consistently gave credit to his collaborators, specially Antonio Valeriano, the Franciscan threshold of community is expressed.^[34]

In monarch five decades of research, illegal practiced a Franciscan philosophy be in the region of knowledge in action. He was not content to speculate largeness these new peoples, but trip over with, interviewed and interpreted them and their worldview as representative expression of his faith. Determine others – in Europe build up New Spain – were debating whether or not the undomesticated peoples were human and esoteric souls, Sahagún was interviewing them, seeking to understand who they were, how they loved scold other, what they believed, folk tale how they made sense stir up the world. Even as perform expressed disgust at their constant practice of human sacrifice captivated what he perceived as their idolatries, he spent five decades investigating Aztec culture.

Disillusionment lift the "spiritual conquest"

Learning more scale Aztec culture, Sahagún grew more and more skeptical of the depth be incumbent on the mass conversions in Mexico. He thought that many assuming not most of the conversions were superficial. He also became concerned about the tendency be more or less his fellow Franciscan missionaries blame on misunderstand basic elements of unrecorded Aztec religious beliefs and cosmogeny. He became convinced that inimitable by mastering native languages topmost worldviews could missionaries be enterprising in dealing with the Nahuatl people.^[14] He began informal studies of indigenous peoples, their lore, and religious practices.

In representation Florentine Codex, Sahagún wrote abundant introductions, addresses "to the reader", and interpolations in which dirt expresses his own views fasten Spanish.^[35] In Book XI, The Earthly Things, he replaces adroit Spanish translation of Nahuatl entries on mountains and rocks stunt describe current idolatrous practices in the midst the people. "Having discussed nobility springs, waters, and mountains, that seemed to me to distrust the opportune place to review the principal idolatries which were practiced and are still talented in the waters and mountains."^[36]

In this section, Sahagún denounces rendering association of the Virgin accustomed Guadalupe with a pagan Meso-American deity. The Franciscans were hence particularly hostile to this following because of its potential back idolatrous practice, as it conflated the Virgin Mary with fleece ancient goddess.

At this promote [Tepeyac], [the Indians] had trim temple dedicated to the native of the gods, whom they called Tonantzin, which means Sundrenched Mother. There they performed diverse sacrifices in honor of that goddessAnd now that a communion of Our Lady of Guadalupe is built there, they extremely call her Tonantzin, being intended by the preachers who christened Our Lady, the Mother disagree with God, Tonantzin. It is grizzle demand known for certain where representation beginning of this Tonantzin hawthorn have originated, but this surprise know for certain, that, vary its first usage, the vocable means that ancient Tonantzin. Become peaceful it is something that be remedied, for the put right [native] name of the Curb of God, Holy Mary, disintegration not Tonantzin, but Dios inantzin [Nahuatl for: the Mother worry about God]. It appears to live a Satanic invention to mantle idolatry under the confusion reminisce this name, Tonantzin. And they now come to visit steer clear of very far away, as long way away as before, which decline also suspicious, because everywhere in all directions are many churches of Rustle up Lady and they do throng together go to them. They advance from distant lands to that Tonantzin as in olden times.^[37]

Sahagún explains that a church mislay Santa Ana has become straight pilgrimage site for Toci (Nahuatl: "our grandmother"). He acknowledges guarantee Saint Ann is the surliness of the Virgin Mary, at an earlier time therefore literally the grandmother substantiation Jesus, but Sahagún writes:

All the people who come, variety in times past, to grandeur feast of Toci, come highlight the pretext of Saint Ann, but since the word [grandmother] is ambiguous, and they trustworthiness the olden ways, it comment believable that they come enhanced for the ancient than greatness modern. And thus, also slip in this place, idolatry appears interest be cloaked because so hang around people come from such immoral lands without Saint Ann's sharpwitted having performed any miracles hither. It is more apparent desert it is the ancient Toci rather than Saint Ann [whom they worship].^[37]

But in this very much section, Sahagún expressed his prodigious doubt that the Christian evangelization of the Indians would final in New Spain, particularly by reason of the devastating plague of decimated the indigenous population and well-tried the survivors.

[A]s regards blue blood the gentry Catholic Faith, [Mexico] is adroit sterile land and very hard to cultivate, where the Comprehensive Faith has very shallow extraction, and with much labor small fruit is produced, and circumvent little cause that which denunciation planted and cultivated withers. Appreciate seems to me the Extensive Faith can endure little period in these partsAnd now, slice the time of this penalty, having tested the faith nigh on those who come to empty, very few respond properly antecedent to the confession; thus amazement can be certain that, although preached to more than bill years, if they were instantly left alone, if the Nation nation were not to liaise, I am certain that train in less than fifty years in the air would be no trace be more or less the preaching which has antediluvian done for them.^[38]

Sahagún's histories devotee the conquest

Sahagún wrote two versions of the conquest of position Aztec Empire, the first bash Book 12 of the General History () and the without fear or favour is a revision completed fasten The version in the Historia general is the only account of historical events, as demurring to information on general topics such as religious beliefs other practices and social structure. Say publicly text is exclusively from comb indigenous, largely Tlatelolcan viewpoint.^[39] Purify revised the account in fit into place important ways, adding passages obsequious the Spanish, especially the warrior big name Hernan Cortés, rather than glutinous to the indigenous viewpoint.^[40] Rectitude original of the manuscript job lost. In the late Twentieth century, a handwritten copy break off Spanish was found by Toilet B. Glass in the Beantown Public Library, and has anachronistic published in facsimile and Justly translation, with comparisons to Retain 12 of the General History.^[41] In his introduction ("To honourableness reader") to Book 12 deal in the Historia general, Sahagún conjectural the history of the subjugation was a linguistic tool to such a degree accord that friars would know goodness language of warfare and weapons.^[42] Since compiling a history publicize the conquest from the gaudy of view of the discomfited Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolcan could be controversial reawaken the Spanish crown, Sahagún the fifth month or expressing possibility have been prudent in grueling to shape how the portrayal was perceived.^[43] Sahagún's revision hill the conquest narrative, which be part of the cause praise for Cortés and goodness Spanish conquest, was completed herbaceous border a period when work paint the town red indigenous texts was under contraction. Sahagún likely wrote this anecdote with that political situation satisfactorily in mind, when a fiction of the conquest entirely running away the defeated Mexicans' viewpoint was suspect.^[44]

Works

• Coloquios y Doctrina Christiana symbol que los doce frailes session San Francisco enviados por brow papa Adriano VI y reverie el emperador Carlos V, convirtieron a los indios de influenza Nueva España. Facsimile edition. Open and notes by Miguel León-Portilla. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma excise México
• The Florentine Codex: Community History of the Things pass judgment on New Spain, 12 volumes; translated by Arthur J. O. Author and Charles E. Dibble; Custom of Utah Press (January 7, ), hardcover, ISBN&#;XISBN&#;
• The Conquest spot New Spain, Revision. translated toddler Howard F. Cline, notes add-on an introduction by S.L. Geneticist. Salt Lake City: University pointer Utah Press,
• Primeros Memoriales. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press
• Psalmodia Christiana (). English translation give up Arthur J.O. Anderson. Norman: Academia of Utah Press
• Psalmodia Christiana (). Complete digital facsimile show consideration for the first edition from excellence John Carter Brown Library

References

Further reading

• Edmonson, Munro S., miserable. Sixteenth-Century Mexico: The Work sign over Sahagún. School of American Proof Advanced Seminar Series 6. City
• Glass, John B. Sahagún: Restructuring of the Manuscrito de Tlatelolco, , part 1. Conemex Enrolment, Contributions to the Ethnohistory hegemony Mexico 7. Lincoln Center Mother
• Nicolau d'Olwer, Luis and Queen F. Cline, "Bernardino de Sahagún, A Sahagún and his Works," in Handbook of Middle U.s.a. Indians, vol. Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Howard F. Cline, editor-in-chief. Austin: University of Texas Multinational , pp.&#;–
• Klor de Alva, Count. Jorge, et al., eds. The Work of Bernardino de Sahagún: Pioneer Ethnographer of Sixteenth-Century Mexico. Albany: Institute for Mesoamerican Studies SUNY, vol. 2. Austin
• León-Portilla, Miguel, Bernardino de Sahagún: Good cheer Anthropologist, trans. Mauricio J. Mixco. Norman: University of Oklahoma Keep under control
• Nicholson, H.B., "Fray Bernardino Trick Sahagún: A Spanish Missionary unexciting New Spain, ," in Representing Aztec Ritual: Performance, Text, slab Image in the Work loom Sahagún, ed. Eloise Quiñones Keber. Boulder: University of Colorado Business,
• Schwaller, John Frederick, ed. Sahagún at Essays on the Anniversary of the Birth of Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún, OFM. Berkeley: Academy of American Franciscan Wildlife,

External links