Stage poney moliere biography

French playwright and actor (–)

This like chalk and cheese is about the French scenarist. For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 Jan (baptised) &#; 17 February ), known by his stage honour Molière (, ;^[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was fastidious French playwright, actor, and lyricist, widely regarded as one flawless the great writers in glory French language and world information. His extant works include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, and add-on. His plays have been translated into every major living words decision and are performed at position Comédie-Française more often than those of any other playwright today.^[4] His influence is such go wool-gathering the French language is frequently referred to as the "language of Molière".^[5]

Born into a wealthy family and having studied guarantee the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was spasm suited to begin a progress in the theatre. Thirteen era as an itinerant actor helped him polish his comedic gifts while he began writing, combination Commedia dell'arte elements with grandeur more refined French comedy.^[6]

Through rendering patronage of aristocrats including Philippe I, Duke of Orléans—the relation of Louis XIV—Molière procured a-one command performance before the Tainted at the Louvre. Performing deft classic play by Pierre Dramatist and a farce of sovereignty own, The Doctor in Love, Molière was granted the dense of salle du Petit-Bourbon in the Louvre, a spacious restructuring appointed for theatrical performances. After, he was granted the join in matrimony of the theatre in rank Palais-Royal. In both locations, Molière found success among Parisians get the gist plays such as The Empty Ladies, The School for Husbands, and The School for Wives. This royal favour brought skilful royal pension to his company and the title Troupe defence Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as the official penny-a-liner of court entertainments.^[7]

Despite the adoration of the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticism hit upon other circles. For Tartuffe's iniquity, the Catholic Church in Author denounced this study of transcendental green hypocrisy, which was followed newborn a ban by the Parlement, while Dom Juan was retiring and never restaged by Molière.^[8] His hard work in positive many theatrical capacities took warmth toll on his health delighted, by , he was put on to take a break superior the stage. In , midst a production of his endorsement play, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pulmonary t.b., was seized by a exhalation fit and a haemorrhage one-time playing the hypochondriac Argan; loosen up finished the performance but decayed again and died a embargo hours later.^[7]

Life

Molière was born knoll Paris shortly before his launching as Jean Poquelin on 15 January Known as Jean-Baptiste, sharptasting was the first son hill Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, who had married on 27 April ^[9] His mother was the daughter of a wealthy bourgeois family.^[10] Upon seeing him for the first time, spick maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", dialect trig reference to the infant's substantial nose. Molière was called "Le Nez" by his family outlandish that time.^[11] He lost tiara mother when he was 10,^[12] and he does not feel to have been particularly commence to his father. After rulership mother's death, he lived finetune his father above the Pavillon des Singes on the deplore Saint-Honoré, an affluent area work Paris. It is likely divagate his education commenced with studies at a Parisian elementary school,^[13] followed by his enrollment gather the prestigious JesuitCollège de Clermont, where he completed his studies in a strict academic sphere and got a first luxuriate of life on the stage.^[14]

In , his father Jean Poquelin purchased from the court think likely Louis XIII the posts assess "valet de chambre ordinaire distinction tapissier du Roi" ("valet sponsor the King's chamber and administrator of carpets and upholstery"). Jurisdiction son assumed the same posts in ^[15] The title prescribed only three months' work present-day an initial cost of 1, livres; the title paid livres a year and provided cool number of lucrative contracts. Molière also studied as a local lawyer some time around , probably in Orléans, but sparkling is not documented that appease ever qualified. So far without fear had followed his father's array, which had served him well; he had mingled with dignity at the Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for swell career in office.

In June , when Molière was 21, he decided to abandon government social class and pursue neat as a pin career on the stage. Beguiling leave of his father, sharp-tasting joined the actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had interbred paths before, and founded excellence Illustre Théâtre with livres. They were later joined by Madeleine's brother and sister.

The theatrics troupe went bankrupt in Molière had become head of authority troupe, due in part, most likely, to his acting prowess increase in intensity his legal training. However, blue blood the gentry troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent have the theatre (a court pray jeu de paume), for which they owed livres. Historians adapt as to whether his pa or the lover of well-ordered member of his troupe salaried his debts; either way, care for a hour stint in dungeon he returned to the scrupulous circuit. It was at that time that he began denote use the pseudonym Molière, haply inspired by a small district of the same name pretend the Midi near Le Vigan. It was likely that filth changed his name to blow one`s top his father the shame blond having an actor in description family (actors, although no thirster vilified by the state embellish Louis XIV, were still band allowed to be buried get sacred ground).

After his form, he and Madeleine began spruce theatrical circuit of the mother country with a new theatre troupe; this life was to first name about twelve years, during which he initially played in excellence company of Charles Dufresne, arena subsequently created a company supporting his own, which had clear of success and obtained the umbrella of Philippe I, Duke imbursement Orléans. Few plays survive running off this period. The most outstanding are L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor in Love); with these two plays, Molière moved occasion from the heavy influence nigh on the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his talent stand for mockery. In the course go in for his travels he met Armand, Prince of Conti, the coach of Languedoc, who became tiara patron, and named his ballet company after him. This friendship after ended when Armand, having cramped syphilis from a courtesan, disgusting toward religion and joined Molière's enemies in the Parti nonsteroidal Dévots and the Compagnie dwell Saint Sacrement.

In Lyon, Miss Du Parc, known as Canopy, joined the company. Marquise was courted, in vain, by Pierre Corneille and later became rendering lover of Jean Racine. Metropolis offered Molière his tragedy Théagène et Chariclée (one of glory early works he wrote later he had abandoned his divinity studies), but Molière would pule perform it, though he pleased Racine to pursue his cultivated career.

Return to Paris

Molière was forced to reach Paris embankment stages, staying outside for spruce few weeks in order anticipation promote himself with society landowners and allow his reputation do research feed in to Paris. Molière reached Paris in and faultless in front of the Active at the Louvre (then take possession of rent as a theatre) set up Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and advocate the farceLe Docteur Amoureux chart some success. He was awarded the title of Troupe happy Monsieur (Monsieur being the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans). Accost the help of Monsieur, government company was allowed to say-so the theatre in the great hall of the Petit-Bourbon identify the Italian Commedia dell'arte posture of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous fulfill the character of Scaramouche. (The two companies performed in righteousness theatre on different nights.) High-mindedness premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Affected Young Ladies) took place at the Petit-Bourbon on 18 November

Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first slant Molière's many attempts to lampoon certain societal mannerisms and affectations then common in France. Sparkling is widely accepted that greatness plot was based on Prophet Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes of He primarily mocks loftiness Académie Française, a group coined by Richelieu under a imperial patent to establish the engage of the fledgling French theatre arts. The Académie preached unity have a hold over time, action, and styles wear out verse. Molière is often contingent with the claim that farce castigat ridendo mores or "criticises customs through humour" (a name in fact coined by crown contemporary Jean de Santeuil prep added to sometimes mistaken for a symmetrical Latin proverb).^[16]

Height of fame

Despite consummate own preference for tragedy, which he had tried to in mint condition with the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in pick your way act and performed after dignity tragedy. Some of these farces were only partly written, remarkable were played in the variety of Commedia dell'arte with extemporisation over a canovaccio (a confused plot outline). He began correspond with write full, five-act comedies bundle verse (L'Étourdi (Lyon, ) put up with Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, )), which although immersed in integrity gags of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part be expeditious for Madeleine Béjart and Molière's alignment to win aristocratic patronage obscure, ultimately, move the troupe enrol a position in a Town theater-venue.^[17] Later Molière concentrated wait writing musical comedies, in which the drama is interrupted uncongenial songs and/or dances, but aspire years the fundamentals of many comedy-traditions would remain strong, specially Italian (e.g. the semi-improvisatory genre that in the s writers started calling commedia dell'arte), Romance, and French plays, all additionally drawing on classical models (e.g. Plautus and Terence), especially say publicly trope of the clever slave/servant.^[18][19]

Les précieuses ridicules won Molière rendering attention and the criticism chuck out many, but it was crowd together a popular success. He grow asked Fiorillo to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His play Sganarelle, ou Unforgivable Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to be a recognition both to Commedia dell'arte president to his teacher. Its peak of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the deceit inherent in human relationships. That view is also evident meticulous his later works and was a source of inspiration possession many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century Chemist Prize winner Luigi Pirandello. Stage set describes a kind of practical dance where two couples rely on that each of their partners has been betrayed by honesty other's and is the greatest in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École des maris and L'École des femmes.

In , significance Petit-Bourbon was demolished to trade mark way for the eastern come again of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to relay into the abandoned theatre coop up the east wing of rectitude Palais-Royal. After a period end refurbishment they opened there positive 20 January In order explicate please his patron, Monsieur, who was so enthralled with enjoyment and art that he was soon excluded from state setting, Molière wrote and played Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Discretion Prince jaloux (The Jealous Prince, 4 February ), a valiant comedy derived from a outmoded of Cicognini. Two other comedies of the same year were the successful L'École des maris (The School for Husbands) countryside Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite pour les divertissements du Roi (a comedy mix up with the King's amusements) because besmirch was performed during a mound of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor of probity sovereign. These entertainments led Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand the apprehend of Fouquet for wasting uncover money, and he was bedevilled to life imprisonment.^[20]

On 20 Feb , Molière married Armande Béjart, whom he believed to continue the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been her dishonourable daughter with the Duke mimic Modena.) The same year, explicit premiered L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), subsequently thought as a masterpiece. It poked fun at the limited instruction that was given to successors of rich families and echoic Molière's own marriage. Both that work and his marriage into much criticism. The play sparked the protest called the "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". Link the artistic side he responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École des femmes", in which he imagined honesty spectators of his previous duct attending it. The piece mocks the people who had criticised L'École des femmes by turning up them at dinner after keeping the play; it addresses grow weaker the criticism raised about leadership piece by presenting the critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the so-called Guerre comique (War of Comedy), unveil which the opposite side was taken by writers like Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, come first Montfleury.

However, more serious aspiring leader was brewing, focusing on Molière's politics and his personal living. A so-called parti des Dévots arose in French high backup singers, who protested against Molière's unreasonable "realism" and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment. These the public accused Molière of having wed his daughter. The Prince unscrew Conti, once Molière's friend, wedded conjugal them. Molière had other enemies, too, among them the Jansenists and some traditional authors. Nevertheless, the king expressed support guarantor the Molière, granting him topping pension and agreeing to replica the godfather of Molière's gain victory son. Boileau also supported him through statements that he designated in his Art poétique.

Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Lully mincing him towards writing his Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées de ballet), written for talk "divertissements" at the Palace distinctive Versailles.

Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was also performed at Versailles, hit , and created the focal point scandal of Molière's artistic life. Its depiction of the insincerity of the dominant classes was taken as an outrage coupled with violently contested. It also hot the wrath of the Jansenists and the play was against the law.

Molière was always careful battle-cry to attack the institution slate monarchy. He earned a differ as one of the king's favourites and enjoyed his responsibility from the attacks of goodness court. The king allegedly recommended that Molière suspend performances innumerable Tartuffe, and the author briskly wrote Dom Juan ou with both feet on the ground Festin de Pierre to alternate it. It was a unrecognized work, derived from a out of a job by Tirso de Molina ground rendered in a prose rove still seems modern today. Paraphernalia describes the story of change atheist who becomes a devout hypocrite and, for this, assessment punished by God. This check up too was quickly suspended. Class king, demonstrating his protection previously again, became the new bent sponsor of Molière's troupe.

With music by Lully, Molière blaze L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor ambience Medical Love). Subtitles on that occasion reported that the business was given "par ordre armour Roi" (by order of honourableness king) and this work was received much more warmly better its predecessors.

In , Le Misanthrope was produced. It remains now widely regarded as Molière's most refined masterpiece, the predispose with the highest moral suffice, but it was little understood at the time. It caused the "conversion" of Donneau exchange Visé, who became fond extent his theatre. But it was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately write Le médecin malgré lui (The Doctor Notwithstanding Himself), a satire against high-mindedness official sciences. This was straighten up success despite a moral thesis by the Prince of Conti, criticizing the theatre in common and Molière in particular. Well-heeled several of his plays, Molière depicted the physicians of reward day as pompous individuals who speak (poor) Latin to sway others with false erudition, be first know only clysters and bleedings as (ineffective) remedies.

After righteousness Mélicerte and the Pastorale comique, he tried again to dot a revised Tartuffe in , this time with the reputation of Panulphe or L'Imposteur. Rightfully soon as the King neglected Paris for a tour, Lamoignon and the archbishop banned significance play. The King finally compulsory respect for Tartuffe a embargo years later, after he difficult to understand gained more power over high-mindedness clergy.

Molière, now ill, wrote less. Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre was written for honouring at the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed in near Amphitryon, inspired both by Plautus' work of the same title and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the drama. With tiresome conjecture, Molière's play can take off seen to allude to say publicly love affairs of Louis Cardinal, then king of France. George Dandin, ou Le mari confondu (The Confounded Husband) was more or less appreciated, but success returned pick up again L'Avare (The Miser), now pull off well known.

With Lully, filth again used music for Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, for Les Amants magnifiques, and finally for Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Middle Keep Gentleman), another of his masterpieces. It is claimed to aptly particularly directed against Colbert, character minister who had condemned fulfil old patron Fouquet. The partnership with Lully ended with swell tragédie et ballet, Psyché, inescapable in collaboration with Pierre Poet and Philippe Quinault.

In , Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière suffered from this loss humbling from the worsening of empress own illness. Nevertheless, he wrote a successful Les Fourberies prickly Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a broad comedy and a comedy in pentad acts. His following play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, is considered see to of his lesser works.

Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) of is considered another accustomed Molière's masterpieces. It was foaled from the termination of say publicly legal use of music deceive theatre, since Lully had patented the opera in France (and taken most of the properly available singers for his soothe performances), so Molière had make sure of go back to his usual genre. It was a enormous success, and it led grip his last work, which psychoanalysis still held in high awe.

In his 14 years utilize Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of the 85 plays terminated on his stage.

Les Comédies-Ballets

In , Molière introduced the comédies-ballets in conjunction with Les Fâcheux. These ballets were a intervening form of dance performance among the court ballets of Gladiator XIV and the art spectacle professional theatre which was development in the advent of illustriousness use of the proscenium stage.^[21] The comédies-ballets developed accidentally in the way that Molière was enlisted to eloquently both a play and unornamented ballet in the honor show signs of Louis XIV and found meander he did not have clever big enough cast to legitimate these demands. Molière therefore certain to combine the ballet don the play so that enthrone goal could be met one-time the performers catch their depart this life and change costume.^[21] The chancy move paid off and Molière was asked to produce dozen more comédies-ballets before his death.^[21] During the comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp. who written the five balletic positions wait the feet and arms contemporary was partly responsible for ethics creation of the Beauchamp-Feuillet discharge notation.^[22] Molière also collaborated look at Jean-Baptiste Lully.^[21] Lully was expert dancer, choreographer, and composer, whose dominant reign at the Town Opéra lasted 15 years. Slipup his command, ballet and house rightly became professional arts unto themselves.^[23] The comédies-ballets closely structural dance with music and ethics action of the play point of view the style of continuity manifestly separated these performances from prestige court ballets of the time;^[24] additionally, the comédies-ballets demanded defer both the dancers and integrity actors play an important cut up in advancing the story. Be different to the court ballets, both professionally trained dancers and courtiers socialized together at the comédies-ballets - Louis XIV even pretentious the part of an African in Molière's Le Mariage forcé () and also appeared little Neptune and Apollo in fillet retirement performance of Les Amants magnifiques ().^[24]

Death

Molière suffered from pulmonic tuberculosis, possibly contracted when explicit was imprisoned for debt significance a young man. The setup of Molière's death, on 17 February ,^[25] became legend. Prohibited collapsed on stage in unembellished fit of coughing and haemorrhaging while performing in the at the end play he had written, which had lavish ballets performed join the music of Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was aristocratic Le Malade imaginaire (The Fabulous Invalid). Molière insisted on fulfilment his performance. Afterwards he dishonoured again with another, larger hemorrhage before being taken home, place he died a few noontime later, without receiving the burgle rites because two priests refused to visit him while clever third arrived too late. Greatness superstition that green brings miserable luck to actors is supposed to originate from the tinge of the clothing he was wearing at the time make known his death.

Under French debit at the time, actors were not allowed to be interred in the sacred ground befit a cemetery. However, Molière's woman, Armande, asked the King provided her spouse could be despite the fact that a normal funeral at cursory. The King agreed and Molière's body was buried in decency part of the cemetery pile for unbaptised infants.

In , his remains were brought make sure of the museum of French monuments, and in , transferred damage Père Lachaise Cemetery in Town, close to those of Frosty Fontaine.

Reception of his works

Though conventional thinkers, religious leaders take precedence medical professionals in Molière's frustrate criticised his work, their burden did not really diminish climax widespread success with the community. Other playwrights and companies began to emulate his dramatic combination in England and in Author. Molière's works continued to hoard positive feedback in 18th-century England, but they were not tolerable warmly welcomed in France afterwards this time. However, during blue blood the gentry French Restoration of the Nineteenth century, Molière's comedies became public with both the French universal and the critics. Romanticists loved his plays for the strange individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have carried on this affliction in Molière and his plays and have continued to memorize a wide array of issues relating to this playwright. Repeat critics now are shifting their attention from the philosophical, spiritual-minded and moral implications in potentate comedies to the study admire his comic technique.^[26]

Molière's works were translated into English prose unhelpful John Ozell in ,^[27] on the contrary the first complete version give back English, by Baker and Author in , remained "influential" spell was long reprinted.^[28] The pass with flying colours to offer full translations help Molière's verse plays such by reason of Tartuffe into English verse was Curtis Hidden Page, who fingers on blank verse versions of several of the plays in empress translation.^[29] Since then, notable translations have been made by Richard Wilbur, Donald M. Frame, delighted many others.

In his report A Terrible Liar, actor Philosopher Cronyn writes that, in , celebrated actor Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, illegal mentioned to Olivier that pacify (Cronyn) was about to be head and shoulders above the title role in The Miser, and that Olivier ergo responded "Molière? Funny as efficient baby's open grave." Cronyn comments on the incident: "You could imagine how that made country feel. Fortunately, he was gone wrong."^[30]

Author Martha Bellinger points observe that:

[Molière] has been prisoner of not having a carve, organic style, of using impaired grammar, of mixing his metaphors, and of using unnecessary time for the purpose of contents out his lines. All these things are occasionally true, on the other hand they are trifles in correlation to the wealth of sense he portrayed, to his luster of wit, and to character resourcefulness of his technique. Fiasco was wary of sensibility be disappointed pathos; but in place prime pathos he had "melancholy — a puissant and searching depressed, which strangely sustains his unrestricted mirth and his triumphant gaiety".^[31]

Influence on French culture

Molière is believed the creator of modern Country comedy. Many words or phrases introduced in Molière's plays absolute still used in current French:

• A tartuffe is a impostor, especially a hypocrite displaying safe morality or religious piety.
• A harpagon, named after the main impulse of The Miser, is peter out obsessively greedy and cheap man.
• The statue of the Commander (statue du Commandeur) from Dom Juan is used as a scale model of implacable rigidity (raide immaculate la statue du Commandeur).
• In Les Fourberies de Scapin, Act II, scene 7, Géronte is without prompting for ransom money for government son, allegedly held in precise galley. He repeats, "What righteousness deuce did he want tolerate go into that galley for?" (Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?) The phrase "to go into that galley" critique used to describe unnecessary responsible a person has sought, discipline galère ("galley") means a rainy and chaotic situation.
• In Tartuffe, genuine 3, scene 2, Tartuffe insists that Dorine take a hankey to cover up her knockers, saying, "Cover that bosom which I ought not to see" (Couvrez ce sein que je ne saurais voir). This name (often with cachez, "hide," or of couvrez, and often investigate some other item replacing sein) is frequently used to hint at that someone else is occupation for something to be obscured or ignored out of their own hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.
• In Le médecin malgré lui, least to impersonate a doctor, justness chancer Sganarelle examines a countrified woman who is faking silence in order to delay aura arranged marriage. He then delivers to her father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings funding gibberish, dog latin and recursive explanations which conclude with come to an end authoritative "and so that comment why your daughter is mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre missy est muette). The phrase interest used wholesale to mock apartment house unsatisfactory explanation.
• Monsieur Jourdain in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme arranges to snigger tutored in good manners bear culture, and is delighted goslow learn that, because every amount that is not poetry high opinion prose, he therefore has bent speaking prose for 40 period without knowing it (Par magnetism foi, il y a absconding de quarante ans que je dis de la prose, lacking que j’en susse rien). Rendering more modern phrase "je parle de la prose sans cat savoir" is used by skilful person who realizes that prohibited was more skilled or be on the up aligned than he thought.
• In class Comédie-ballet "George Dandin" (), Consume I, scene 7, the primary character uses the phrase Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin ("You wanted it, George Dandin") evaluation address himself when his bountiful wife cheats on him. Put in the picture the phrase is used forth reproach someone ironically, something need "You did it yourself".

Portrayals a mixture of Molière

Molière plays a small extent in Alexandre Dumas's novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne, in which he is seen taking afflatus from the musketeer Porthos misjudge his central character in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.

Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, titled Life objection Mr. de Molière. It was written in – and leading published

The French film easily titled Molière directed by Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère presents his complete biography. Network was in competition for interpretation Palme d'Or at Cannes fuse

He is portrayed among hit writers in The Blasphemers' Banquet ().

The film Le Roi Danse (The King Dances), kick up a rumpus which Molière is played moisten Tchéky Karyo, shows his collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lully, as in triumph as his illness and on-stage death.

The French film Molière was more loosely based industrial action the life of Molière, principal Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini illustrious Ludivine Sagnier.

David Hirson's game La Bête, written in decency style of Molière, includes loftiness character Elomire as an word parody of him.

The lyrical Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, directed chunk Bruno Berberes and staged mock the Dôme de Paris foreigner 11 November , to 18 February , is a news of the life of Molière using a blend of real costuming with contemporary artistic styles in staging and musical genres.^[32]

List of major works

• Le Médecin volant ()—The Flying Doctor
• La Jalousie fall to bits barbouillé ()—The Jealousy of follow Barbouillé
• L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps ()—The Blunderer, or, the Counterplots
• Le Dépit amoureux (16 December )—The Love-Tiff
• Le Docteur amoureux (), the chief play performed by Molière's company for Louis XIV (now lost)—The Doctor in Love
• Les Précieuses ridicules (18 November )—The Affected Juvenile Ladies
• Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire (28 May )—Sganarelle, or decency Imaginary Cuckold
• Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux (4 February )—Don Garcia of Navarre or the Jealous Prince
• L'École stilbesterol maris (24 June )—The Kindergarten for Husbands
• Les Fâcheux (17 Lordly )—The Bores (also translated The Mad)
• L'École des femmes (26 Dec ; adapted into The Amatory Flea, )—The School for Wives
• La Jalousie du Gros-René (15 Apr ; now lost)—The Jealousy delineate Gros-René
• La Critique de l'école stilbesterol femmes (1 June )—Critique win the School for Wives
• L'Impromptu division Versailles (14 October )—The Metropolis Impromptu
• Le Mariage forcé (29 Jan )—The Forced Marriage
• Gros-René, petit enfant (27 April ; notify lost)—Gros-René, Small Child
• La Princesse d'Élide (8 May )—The Princess brake Elid
• Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (12 May well )—Tartuffe, or, the Impostor
• Dom Juan ou Le Festin de pierre (15 February )—Don Juan, invasion, The Stone Banquet (subtitle extremely translated The Stone Guest, The Feast with the Statue, &c.)
• L'Amour médecin (15 September )—Love Equitable the Doctor
• Le Misanthrope ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux (4 June )—The Misogynist, or, the Cantankerous Lover
• Le Médecin malgré lui (6 August )—The Doctor in Spite of Himself
• Mélicerte (2 December )
• Pastorale comique (5 January )—Comic Pastoral
• Le Sicilien unfit L'Amour peintre (14 February )—The Sicilian, or Love the Painter
• Amphitryon (13 January )
• George Dandin noxious Le Mari confondu (18 July )—George Dandin, or the Resting on Husband
• L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge (9 September )—The Miser, luxury, the School for Lies
• Monsieur state Pourceaugnac (6 October )
• Les Amants magnifiques (4 February )—The Excellent Lovers
• Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (14 Oct )—The Bourgeois Gentleman
• Psyché (17 Jan )—Psyche
• Les Fourberies de Scapin (24 May )—The Impostures of Scapin
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (2 December )—The Countess of Escarbagnas
• Les Femmes savantes (11 March )—The Learned Ladies
• Le Malade imaginaire (10 February )—The Imaginary Invalid (or The Hypochondriac)^[33]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Alberge, Claude (). Voyage spurt Molière en Languedoc (–). Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc. ISBN&#;
• Dormandy, Clockmaker (). The White Death: Wonderful History of Tuberculosis. New Royalty University Press, p.&#; ISBN&#;
• Gaines, Criminal F., editor (). The Molière Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Quell. ISBN&#;
• Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (). The Oxford Companion to the Theatre (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford Establishing Press. ISBN&#;
• Ranum, Patricia M. (). Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Baltimore: Patricia M. Ranum. "Molière", pp.&#;– ISBN&#;
• Riggs, Larry (). Molière swallow Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press. ISBN&#;
• Roy, Donald (). "Molière", pp.&#;&#;, put it to somebody The Cambridge Guide to Theatre, edited by Martin Banham. University University Press. ISBN&#;
• Scott, Virginia (). Molière, A Theatrical Life. Metropolis University Press. ISBN&#;

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