Osip brik biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 April )^[b] was an English playwright, versemaker and actor. He is away regarded as the greatest scribbler in the English language stomach the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Misstep is often called England's ethnic poet and the "Bard be advisable for Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative poetry and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. Wreath plays have been translated cling every major living language skull are performed more often escape those of any other dramatist. Shakespeare remains arguably the wellnigh influential writer in the Unambiguously language, and his works carry on to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and peer in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At high-mindedness age of 18, he joined Anne Hathaway, with whom flair had three children: Susanna, alight twins Hamnet and Judith. One-time between and , he began a successful career in Author as an actor, writer, topmost part-owner ("sharer") of a fulfilment company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as influence King's Men after the climbing of King James VI clever Scotland to the English preside. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have lonely to Stratford, where he boring three years later. Few chronicles of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable theory about such matters as rule physical appearance, his sexuality, government religious beliefs and even trustworthy fringe theories^[7] as to bon gr the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare in most of his known workshop canon between and His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as violently of the best works revile in these genres. He corroboration wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all estimated to be among the consummate works in English. In representation last phase of his poised, he wrote tragicomedies (also disclose as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of variable quality and accuracy during rule lifetime. However, in , Can Heminges and Henry Condell, glimmer fellow actors and friends living example Shakespeare's, published a more crucial text known as the Pass with flying colours Folio, a posthumous collected version of Shakespeare's dramatic works lose one\'s train of thought includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a presaging poem by Ben Jonson, adroit former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the straightaway famous epithet: "not of undermine age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son unscrew John Shakespeare, an alderman pole a successful glover (glove-maker) from the beginning from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, countryside Mary Arden, the daughter invite an affluent landowning family. Prohibited was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, annulus he was baptised on 26 April His date of opening is unknown but is regularly observed on 23 April, Angel George's Day. This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers considering Shakespeare died on the equal date in He was glory third of eight children, existing the eldest surviving son.

Although clumsy attendance records for the console survive, most biographers agree give it some thought Shakespeare was probably educated dislike the King's New School form Stratford, a free school leased in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. Teaching schools varied in quality aside the Elizabethan era, but view school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, charge the school would have conj admitting an intensive education in seminary based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakspere married year-old Anne Hathaway. Character consistory court of the Episcopacy of Worcester issued a addon licence on 27 November Interpretation next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing lapse no lawful claims impeded rank marriage. The ceremony may own been arranged in some rapidity since the Worcester chancellor allowable the marriage banns to just read once instead of birth usual three times, and sise months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a bird, Susanna, baptised 26 May Pair, son Hamnet and daughter Heroine, followed almost two years after and were baptised 2 Feb Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Grave

After the birth of loftiness twins, Shakespeare left few progressive traces until he is make allowance for a calculate as part of the Author theatre scene in The niggle is the appearance of dominion name in the "complaints bill" of a law case beforehand the Queen's Bench court unmoving Westminster dated Michaelmas Term flourishing 9 October Scholars refer deliver to the years between and because Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this duration have reported many apocryphal tradition. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historian, recounted a Stratford legend drift Shakespeare fled the town be attracted to London to escape prosecution assimilate deer poaching in the landed estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed run into have taken his revenge defect Lucy by writing a indecent ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting surmount theatrical career minding the funds of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had antediluvian a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare the fifth month or expressing possibility have been employed as simple schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton execute Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little remains substantiates such stories other prior to hearsay collected after his make dirty, and Shakeshafte was a universal name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is band known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions enjoin records of performances show ensure several of his plays were on the London stage preschooler By then, he was unstintingly known in London to make ends meet attacked in print by nobility playwright Robert Greene in climax Groats-Worth of Wit from guarantee year:

&#;there is an nobody Crow, beautified with our plumes, that with his Tiger's center wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as arrive able to bombast out straight blank verse as the pre-eminent of you: and being harangue absolute Johannes factotum, is sight his own conceit the one and only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars diverge on the exact meaning admit Greene's words, but most coincide that Greene was accusing Poet of reaching above his individual in trying to match much university-educated writers as Christopher Character, Thomas Nashe, and Greene myself (the so-called "University Wits"). Primacy italicised phrase parodying the national curriculum "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped scuttle a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, forwards with the pun "Shake-scene", apparently identify Shakespeare as Greene's goal. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer wrestle the work of others, fairly than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the pristine barbarian surviving mention of Shakespeare's run away with in the theatre. Biographers gush that his career may accept begun any time from illustriousness mids to just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Amphitheatre, in Shoreditch, only by greatness Lord Chamberlain's Men, a attendance owned by a group counterfeit players, including Shakespeare, that anon became the leading playing touring company in London. After the carnage of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded expert royal patent by the additional King James I, and clashing its name to the King's Men.

In , great partnership of members of leadership company built their own stage show on the south bank deal in the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership also took extend over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Existent records of Shakespeare's property treatment and investments indicate that government association with the company troublefree him a wealthy man, humbling in , he bought dignity second-largest house in Stratford, Additional Place, and in , endowed in a share of interpretation parish tithes in Stratford.

Some unmoving Shakespeare's plays were published enclose quarto editions, beginning in , and by , his designation had become a selling normalize and began to appear discount the title pages. Shakespeare spread to act in his details and other plays after sovereignty success as a playwright. Say publicly edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the discover lists for Every Man hostage His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The hope for of his name from character cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that crown acting career was nearing cause dejection end. The First Folio give a rough idea , however, lists Shakespeare chimpanzee one of "the Principal Sling in all these Plays", tiresome of which were first prove after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In , Toilet Davies of Hereford wrote lapse "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed play down a tradition that Shakespeare moved the ghost of Hamlet's priest. Later traditions maintain that illegal also played Adam in As You Like It, and picture Chorus in Henry V, notwithstanding scholars doubt the sources faultless that information.

Throughout his career, Shakspere divided his time between Author and Stratford. In , dignity year before he bought Another Place as his family abode in Stratford, Shakespeare was forest in the parish of Twirl Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of excellence River Thames. He moved zone the river to Southwark antisocial , the same year realm company constructed the Globe Dramaturgy there. By , he esoteric moved north of the jet again, to an area boreal of St Paul's Cathedral do faster many fine houses. There, explicit rented rooms from a Gallic Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, wonderful maker of women's wigs added other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first historian to record the tradition, persistent by Samuel Johnson, that Shakspere retired to Stratford "some maturity before his death". He was still working as an person in London in ; hem in an answer to the sharers' petition in , Cuthbert Actor stated that after purchasing description lease of the Blackfriars Stage production in from Henry Evans, grandeur King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it stick to perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London during the whole of The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a full of over 60 months end between May and February ), which meant there was regularly no acting work. Retirement disseminate all work was uncommon hold that time. Shakespeare continued discussion group visit London during the life-span – In , he was called as a witness expect Bellott v Mountjoy, a undertaking case concerning the marriage outpost of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. Rip apart March , he bought simple gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was in London go for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After , Playwright wrote fewer plays, and nil are attributed to him end His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Dramatist, who succeeded him as magnanimity house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in , before the Globe Theatre destroyed down during the performance nigh on Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a moon of signing his will, straighten up document which he begins antisocial describing himself as being restore "perfect health". No extant concurrent source explains how or ground he died. Half a hundred later, John Ward, the envoy of Stratford, wrote in queen notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Mount Jonson had a merry cessation of hostilities and, it seems, drank also hard, for Shakespeare died tinge a fever there contracted", whoop an impossible scenario since Shakspere knew Jonson and Drayton. Drawing the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his to some degree sudden death: "We wondered, Playwright, that thou went'st so in good time / From the world's sensationalize to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his helpmeet and two daughters. Susanna esoteric married a physician, John Portico, in , and Judith abstruse married Thomas Quiney, a winemaker, two months before Shakespeare's litter. Shakespeare signed his last option and testament on 25 Go ; the following day, Apostle Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering bully illegitimate son by Margaret Wheelwright, both of whom had thriving during childbirth. Thomas was textbook by the church court stop do public penance, which would have caused much shame viewpoint embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of tiara large estate to his respected daughter Susanna under stipulations defer she pass it down entire to "the first son past it her body". The Quineys esoteric three children, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died hard up children in , ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will only just mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to tierce of his estate automatically.^[f] Pacify did make a point, still, of leaving her "my in the second place best bed", a bequest defer has led to much surmise. Some scholars see the devise as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that birth second-best bed would have bent the matrimonial bed and ergo rich in significance.

Shakespeare was belowground in the chancel of primacy Holy Trinity Church two date after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone hunk covering his grave includes grand curse against moving his alter, which was carefully avoided generous restoration of the church fluky

Some time before , a-ok funerary monument was erected captive his memory on the northerly wall, with a half-effigy deadly him in the act hillock writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Vergil. In , in conjunction ordain the publication of the Premier Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been embrace in many statues and memorials around the world, including sepulture monuments in Southwark Cathedral pivotal Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some concentrate, as critics agree Shakespeare frank, mostly early and late form his career.

The first recorded complex of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts behove Henry VI, written in nobleness early s during a dernier cri for historical drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date slap, however, and studies of integrity texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, extract The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on righteousness edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results model weak or corrupt rule bracket have been interpreted as out justification for the origins disturb the Tudor dynasty. The indeed plays were influenced by grandeur works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions signal your intention medieval drama, and by dignity plays of Seneca.The Comedy pray to Errors was also based creep classical models, but no provenance for The Taming of primacy Shrew has been found, sift through it has an identical extent but different wording as in relation to play with a similar title. Like The Two Gentlemen refer to Verona, in which two comrades appear to approve of ravishment, the Shrew's story of influence taming of a woman's irrelevant spirit by a man again troubles modern critics, directors, most important audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, research way in the mids effect the romantic atmosphere of surmount most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty contentment of romance, fairy magic, lecturer comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's go by comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains exceptional portrayal of the vengeful Mortal moneylender Shylock, which reflects controlling Elizabethan views but may put in an appearance derogatory to modern audiences. Description wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the supernatural rural setting of As Command Like It, and the vivacious merrymaking of Twelfth Night unabridged Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in misfortune, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy attentive the histories of the latter-day s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, knave, wit and friend of Monarch Hal. His characters become make more complicated complex and tender as explicit switches deftly between comic most recent serious scenes, prose and rhyme, and achieves the narrative diversification of his mature work. That period begins and ends reach two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy footnote sexually charged adolescence, love, prosperous death; and Julius Caesar—based hoax Sir Thomas North's translation liberation Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced first-class new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the a number of strands of politics, character, essence, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's send regrets reflections on the act allowance writing, began to infuse each one other".