Wolfgang amadeus mozart biography cortal

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Composer (–)

"Mozart" redirects regarding. For other uses, see Music (disambiguation).

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart^[a]^[b] (27 Jan – 5 December ) was a prolific and influential author of the Classical period. Undeterred by his short life, his fast pace of composition and expertness from an early age resulted in more than works respecting virtually every Western classical group of his time. Many light these compositions are acknowledged similarly pinnacles of the symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral recapitulation. Mozart is widely regarded introduction one of the greatest composers in the history of Concoction music, with his music loved for its "melodic beauty, corruption formal elegance and its wealth of harmony and texture".

Born slur Salzburg, Mozart showed prodigious volatility from his earliest childhood. Excel age five, he was at present competent on keyboard and cello, had begun to compose, advocate performed before European royalty. Fulfil father took him on organized grand tour of Europe see then three trips to Italia. At 17, he was trim musician at the Salzburg entourage but grew restless and traveled in search of a denote position. Mozart's search for business led to positions in Town, Mannheim, Munich, and again layer Salzburg, during which he wrote his five violin concertos, Sinfonia Concertante, and Concerto for Cutting and Harp, as well because sacred pieces and masses, nobility motet&#;Exsultate Jubilate, and the house Idomeneo, among other works.

While visiting Vienna in , Music was dismissed from his City position. He stayed in Vienna, where he achieved fame nevertheless little financial security. During Mozart’s early years in Vienna, perform produced several notable works, much as the opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail, the Great Mass in C minor, leadership "Haydn" Quartets and a installment of symphonies. Throughout his Vienna years, Mozart composed over splendid dozen piano concertos, many estimated some of his greatest achievements. In the final years forget about his life, Mozart wrote profuse of his best-known works, counting his last three symphonies, greatest in the Jupiter Symphony, integrity serenade Eine kleine Nachtmusik, rule Clarinet Concerto, the four operas The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, Così fan tutte tube The Magic Flute and sovereign Requiem. The Requiem was momentously unfinished at the time personal his death at age 35, the circumstances of which instructions uncertain and much mythologised.

Life and career

Early life

Family and childhood

See also: Mozart's name, Mozart kinfolk, and Mozart's nationality

Wolfgang Amadeus Music was born on 27 Jan to Leopold Mozart and Anna Maria, née Pertl, at Getreidegasse 9 in Salzburg.^[3] Salzburg was the capital of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, an ecclesiastic demesne in the Holy Roman Luence (today in Austria).^[c] He was the youngest of seven race, five of whom died just the thing infancy. His elder sister was Maria Anna Mozart, nicknamed "Nannerl". Mozart was baptised the mediocre after his birth, at Constant. Rupert's Cathedral in Salzburg. Ethics baptismal record gives his honour in Latinised form, as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. Subside generally called himself "Wolfgang Amadè Mozart" as an adult, nevertheless his name had many variants.

Leopold Mozart, a native imbursement Augsburg, then an Imperial Straightforward City in the Holy Standard Empire, was a minor designer and an experienced teacher. Drag , he was appointed hoot the fourth violinist in blue blood the gentry musical establishment of Count Leopold Anton von Firmian, the reigning Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg. Four age later, he married Anna Tree in Salzburg. Leopold became grandeur orchestra's deputy Kapellmeister in Before the year of his son's birth, Leopold published a falsify textbook, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule, which achieved success.

When Nannerl was seven, she began keyboard guideline with her father, while join three-year-old brother looked on. Length of existence later, after her brother's swallow up, she reminisced:

He often clapped out much time at the fingerboard, picking out thirds, which bankruptcy was ever striking, and culminate pleasure showed that it hum good.&#; In the fourth collection of his age his daddy, for a game as improvement were, began to teach him a few minuets and split from at the clavier.&#; He could play it faultlessly and engross the greatest delicacy, and safekeeping exactly in time.&#; At integrity age of five, he was already composing little pieces, which he played to his holy man who wrote them down.

These dependable pieces, K. 1–5, were historical in the Nannerl Notenbuch. Present-day is some scholarly debate problem whether Mozart was four campaigner five years old when let go created his first musical compositions, though there is little have no faith in that Mozart composed his chief three pieces of music internal a few weeks of talking to other: K. 1a, 1b, cope with 1c.^[9]

In his early years, Wolfgang's father was his only educator. Along with music, he schooled his children languages and statutory subjects.^[10] Biographer Solomon notes go off at a tangent, while Leopold was a true teacher to his children, at hand is evidence that Mozart was keen to progress beyond what he was taught.^[10] His pull it off ink-spattered composition and his forward efforts with the violin were of his initiative and came as a surprise to Leopold, who eventually gave up constituent when his son's musical aptitude became evident.

– Travel

Main articles: Music family grand tour and Music in Italy

While Wolfgang was juvenile, his family made several Dweller journeys in which he coupled with Nannerl performed as child prodigies. These began with an sun-drenched in at the court interrupt Prince-electorMaximilian III of Bavaria terminate Munich, and at the Princelike Courts in Vienna and Praha. A long concert tour followed, spanning three and a division years, taking the family weather the courts of Munich, City, Paris, London,^[13] Dover, The Hague, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Mechelen and besides to Paris, and back dwelling via Zürich, Donaueschingen, and Metropolis. During this trip, Wolfgang fall over many musicians and acquainted actually with the works of subsequent composers. A particularly significant weigh was Johann Christian Bach, whom he visited in London live in and When he was aptitude years old, Mozart wrote consummate first symphony, most of which was probably transcribed by realm father.^[15]

The family trips were frequently challenging, and travel conditions were primitive. They had to stand by for invitations and reimbursement the nobility, and they endured long, near-fatal illnesses far pass up home: first Leopold (London, season ), then both children (The Hague, autumn ). The stock again went to Vienna break off late and remained there pending December

After one year change into Salzburg, Leopold and Wolfgang puncture off for Italy, leaving Anna Maria and Nannerl at make. This tour lasted from Dec to March As with at one time journeys, Leopold wanted to expose his son's abilities as ingenious performer and a rapidly immature composer. Wolfgang met Josef Mysliveček and Giovanni Battista Martini leisure pursuit Bologna and was accepted chimp a member of the noted Accademia Filarmonica. There exists practised myth, according to which, measurement in Rome, he heard Gregorio Allegri's Miserere twice in program in the Sistine Chapel. Avowedly, he subsequently wrote it build up from memory, thus producing description "first unauthorised copy of that closely guarded property of loftiness Vatican". However, both the fountainhead and plausibility of this record are disputed.^[19]^[d]^[21]

In Milan, Mozart wrote the opera Mitridate, re di Ponto (), which was achieve with success. This led utter further opera commissions. He requited with his father twice form Milan (August–December ; October &#;&#; March ) for the composition attend to premieres of Ascanio in Alba () and Lucio Silla (). Leopold hoped these visits would result in a professional rendezvous for his son, and unbelievably ruling Archduke Ferdinand contemplated arrangement Mozart, but owing to crown mother Empress Maria Theresa's unwillingness to employ "useless people", leadership matter was dropped^[e] and Leopold's hopes were never realised. To the end of the excursion, Mozart wrote the solo motetExsultate, jubilate, K

– Employment invective the Salzburg court

After finally incessant with his father from Italia on 13 March , Composer was employed as a focus on musician by the ruler constantly Salzburg, Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus Colloredo. Excellence composer had many friends humbling admirers in Salzburg and esoteric the opportunity to work surround many genres, including symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, masses, serenades, view a few minor operas. Among April and December , Composer developed an enthusiasm for skin game concertos, producing a series disregard five (the only ones why not? ever wrote), which steadily further in their musical sophistication. Leadership last three—K.&#;, K.&#;, K.&#;—are minute staples of the repertoire. Focal , he turned his efforts to piano concertos, culminating reconcile the E concerto K.&#; subtract early , considered by critics to be a breakthrough work.

Despite these artistic successes, Mozart grew increasingly discontented with Salzburg become peaceful redoubled his efforts to strike a position elsewhere. One trigger off was his low salary, florins a year; Mozart longed differentiate compose operas, and Salzburg damaged only rare occasions for these. The situation worsened in like that which the court theatre was blinking, especially since the other amphitheatre in Salzburg was primarily retiring for visiting troupes.

Two long tours in search of work broken this long Salzburg stay. Composer and his father visited Vienna from 14 July to 26 September , and Munich evacuate 6&#;December to March Neither look in on was successful, though the Muenchen journey resulted in a universal success with the premiere disturb Mozart's opera La finta giardiniera.

– Journey to Paris

In August , Mozart resigned his position tackle Salzburg^[f] and on 23 Sept ventured out once more encircle search of employment, with visits to Augsburg, Mannheim, Paris, existing Munich.

Mozart became acquainted with workers of the famous orchestra down Mannheim, the best in Collection at the time. He as well fell in love with Aloysia Weber, one of four spawn of a musical family. Beside were prospects of employment set a date for Mannheim, but they came hit upon nothing,^[31] and Mozart left verify Paris on 14 March touch on continue his search. One pray to his letters from Paris hints at a possible post significance an organist at Versailles, however Mozart was not interested appearance such an appointment. He coating into debt and took make something go with a swing pawning valuables. The nadir good deal the visit occurred when Mozart's mother was taken ill turf died on 3&#;July There difficult been delays in calling marvellous doctor—probably, according to Halliwell, thanks to of a lack of brass. Mozart stayed with Melchior Author at Marquise d'Épinay's residence, 5 rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin.^[37]

While Composer was in Paris, his dad was pursuing opportunities of go to work for him in Salzburg. Vacate the support of the close by nobility, Mozart was offered well-organized post as court organist view concertmaster. The annual salary was florins, but he was disinclined to accept. By that firmly, relations between Grimm and Music had cooled, and Mozart bogus out. After leaving Paris restore September for Strasbourg, he lingered in Mannheim and Munich, do hoping to obtain an apprehension outside Salzburg. In Munich, flair again encountered Aloysia, now top-notch very successful singer, but she was no longer interested the same him. Mozart finally returned compute Salzburg on 15 January slab took up his new sadness, but his discontent with City remained undiminished.^[42]

Among the better-known mill which Mozart wrote on integrity Paris journey are the Out minor piano sonata, K.&#;/d, justness "Paris" Symphony (No.&#;31), which were performed in Paris on 12 and 18 June ; enthralled the Concerto for Flute illustrious Harp in C major, Under age. /c.

Vienna

Departure

In January , Mozart's opera Idomeneo premiered with "considerable success" in Munich. The later March, Mozart was summoned disturb Vienna, where his employer, Archbishop Colloredo, was attending the goings-on for the accession of Carpenter II to the Austrian oversee. For Colloredo, this was directly a matter of wanting queen musical servant to be engagement hand (Mozart indeed was urgent to dine in Colloredo's arrangement with the valets and cooks).^[g] He planned a bigger activity as he continued in leadership archbishop's service; for example, appease wrote to his father:

My main goal right now equitable to meet the emperor domestic animals some agreeable fashion, I outline absolutely determined he should kiss and make up to know me. I would be so happy if Uncontrollable could whip through my theatre for him and then sport a fugue or two, practise that's what he likes.^[48]

Mozart exact indeed soon meet the Monarch, who eventually was to basis his career substantially with commissions and a part-time position.

In the same letter to fillet father just quoted, Mozart outline his plans to participate slightly a soloist in the concerts of the Tonkünstler-Societät, a discernible benefit concert series;^[48] this means as well came to break down after the local nobility prevailed on Colloredo to drop opposition.

Colloredo's wish to prevent Composer from performing outside his completion was in other cases nag through, raising the composer's anger; one example was a occasion likelihood to perform before the Chief at Countess Thun's for spruce up fee equal to half watch his yearly Salzburg salary.

The quarrel with the archbishop came to a head in May: Mozart attempted to resign pole was refused. The following thirty days, permission was granted, but unite a grossly insulting way: grandeur composer was dismissed literally "with a kick in the arse", administered by the archbishop's janitor, Count Arco. Mozart decided constitute settle in Vienna as grand freelance performer and composer.^[50]

The contretemps with Colloredo was more dripping for Mozart because his clergyman sided against him. Hoping fierily that he would obediently residue Colloredo back to Salzburg, Mozart's father exchanged intense letters coupled with his son, urging him discussion group be reconciled with their governor. Mozart passionately defended his object to pursue an independent vocation in Vienna. The debate ballooned when Mozart was dismissed unwelcoming the archbishop, freeing himself both of his employer and surrounding his father's demands to come back. Solomon characterizes Mozart's resignation bring in a "revolutionary step" that seriously altered the course of tiara life.

Early years

See also: Haydn arm Mozart and Mozart and Freemasonry

Mozart's new career in Vienna began well. He often performed style a pianist, notably in unornamented competition before the Emperor strike up a deal Muzio Clementi on 24 Dec ,^[50] and he soon "had established himself as the great keyboard player in Vienna".^[50] Appease also prospered as a founder, and in completed the house Die Entführung aus dem Serail ("The Abduction from the Seraglio"), which premiered on 16 July and achieved considerable success. Glory work was soon being culminate "throughout German-speaking Europe",^[50] and unqualifiedly established Mozart's reputation as excellent composer.

Near the height find time for his quarrels with Colloredo, Music moved in with the Director family, who had moved get to Vienna from Mannheim. The family's father, Fridolin, had died, bid the Webers were now engaging in lodgers to make derisive meet.

Marriage and children

After failing guideline win the hand of Aloysia Weber, who was now joined to the actor and manager Joseph Lange, Mozart's interest shifted to the third daughter quite a lot of the family, Constanze.

The suit did not go entirely smoothly; surviving correspondence indicates that Music and Constanze briefly broke large in April , over lever episode involving jealousy (Constanze challenging permitted another young man constitute measure her calves in cool parlour game). Mozart also in the clear a very difficult task derivation permission for the marriage foreign his father, Leopold.

The marriage took place in an atmosphere counterfeit crisis. Daniel Heartz suggests delay eventually, Constanze moved in get together Mozart, which would have settled her in disgrace by honourableness mores of the time. Music wrote to Leopold on 31 July , "All the exposition and well-intentioned advice you take sent fails to address honourableness case of a man who has already gone so inaccessible with a maiden. Further freeze is out of the question." Heartz relates, "Constanze's sister Sophie had tearfully declared that recipe mother would send the constabulary after Constanze if she exact not return home [presumably take the stones out of Mozart's apartment]." On 4 Revered, Mozart wrote to Baroness von Waldstätten, asking: "Can the boys in blue here enter anyone's house pressure this way? Perhaps it high opinion only a ruse of Madame Weber to get her bird back. If not, I make out no better remedy than meet marry Constanze tomorrow morning collected works if possible today."

The couple were finally married on 4&#;August extort St. Stephen's Cathedral, the hour before his father's consenting note arrived in the mail. Din in the marriage contract, Constanze "assigns to her bridegroom five 100 gulden which the latter has promised to augment with call thousand gulden", with the total number "to pass to the survivor". Further, all joint acquisitions before the marriage were to be left the common property of both.

The couple had six children, admit whom only two survived infancy:

Raimund Leopold (17 June&#;&#; 19 August )
Karl Thomas Mozart (21 September &#;&#; 31 October )
Johann Thomas Leopold (18 October&#;&#; 15 November )
Theresia Constanzia Adelheid Friedericke Maria Anna (27 Dec &#;&#; 29 June )
Anna Maria (died soon after birth, 16 Nov )
Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (26 July &#;&#; 29 July )

–87

In impressive , Mozart became intimately conversant with the work of Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel as a result grounding the influence of Gottfried camper Swieten, who owned many manuscripts of the Baroque masters. Mozart's study of these scores brilliant compositions in the Baroque in order and later influenced his dulcet language, for example in fugal passages in Die Zauberflöte ("The Magic Flute") and the varnish of Symphony No.&#;

In , Composer and his wife visited sovereignty family in Salzburg. His curate and sister were cordially well-mannered to Constanze, but the pay a call on prompted the composition of only of Mozart's great liturgical get flustered, the Mass in C secondary. Though not completed, it was premiered in Salzburg, with Constanze singing a solo part.

Mozart fall down Joseph Haydn in Vienna be revealed , and the two composers became friends. When Haydn visited Vienna, they sometimes played get the wrong idea in an impromptu string composition. Mozart's six quartets dedicated hitch Haydn (K.&#;, K.&#;, K.&#;, K.&#;, K.&#;, and K.&#;) date depart from the period to , distinguished are judged to be ingenious response to Haydn's Opus 33 set from ^[59] Haydn wrote, "posterity will not see specified a talent again in years"^[60] and in told Mozart's father: "I tell you before Demiurge, and as an honest fellow, your son is the set composer known to me unhelpful person and repute, he has taste and what is improved the greatest skill in composition."^[61]

From to Mozart mounted concerts sign out himself as a soloist, delivery three or four new pianoforte concertos in each season. By reason of space in the theatres was scarce, he booked unconventional venues: a large room in nobleness Trattnerhof apartment building, and rendering ballroom of the Mehlgrube restaurant.^[62] The concerts were very typical, and his concertos premiered to are still firm fixtures dainty the repertoire. Solomon writes go during this period, Mozart composed "a harmonious connection between fleece eager composer-performer and a happy audience, which was given justness opportunity of witnessing the renewal and perfection of a higher ranking musical genre".^[62]

With substantial returns deviate his concerts and elsewhere, Composer and his wife adopted trig more luxurious lifestyle. They stilted to an expensive apartment, mess up a yearly rent of florins.^[63] Mozart bought a fine piano from Anton Walter for fluke florins, and a billiard diet for about ^[63] The Mozarts sent their son Karl Clocksmith to an expensive boarding institution and kept servants. During that period Mozart saved little invite his income.

On 14 December , Mozart became a Freemason, common to the lodge Zur Wohltätigkeit ("Beneficence"). Freemasonry played an imperative role in the remainder hint at Mozart's life: he attended meetings, a number of his assemblage were Masons, and on a variety of occasions, he composed Masonic meeting, e.g. the Maurerische Trauermusik.^[69]

– Reimburse to opera

Despite the great premium of Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Mozart did little operatic writing for the next quadruplet years, producing only two undone works and the one-act Der Schauspieldirektor. He focused instead soothe his career as a softness soloist and writer of concertos. Around the end of , Mozart moved away from station writing^[71] and began his celebrated operatic collaboration with the librettistLorenzo Da Ponte. The year maxim the successful premiere of Le nozze di Figaro in Vienna. Its reception in Prague subsequent in the year was level warmer, and this led toady to a second collaboration with Alcoholic drink Ponte: the opera Don Giovanni, which premiered in October peel acclaim in Prague, but vain success in Vienna during Say publicly two are among Mozart's summit famous works and are mainstays of operatic repertoire today, comb at their premieres their melodic complexity caused difficulty both make a choice listeners and for performers. These developments were not witnessed wedge Mozart's father, who had acceptably on 28 May ^[73]

In Dec , Mozart finally obtained grand steady post under aristocratic encouragement. Emperor Joseph II appointed him as his "chamber composer", straight post that had fallen depressed the previous month on illustriousness death of Gluck. It was a part-time appointment, paying change florins per year, and authoritative Mozart only to compose dances for the annual balls currency the Redoutensaal (see Mozart tolerate dance). This modest income became important to Mozart when rockhard times arrived. Court records thing that Joseph aimed to hang on to the esteemed composer from disappearance Vienna in pursuit of holiday prospects.^[h]

In , the young Ludwig van Beethoven spent several weeks in Vienna, hoping to lucubrate with Mozart. No reliable annals survive to indicate whether grandeur two composers ever met.

Later years

–90

Final illness and death

Main article: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart fell ill while pointed Prague for the premiere, rein 6&#;September , of his oeuvre La clemenza di Tito, which was written in that equal year on commission for Saturniid Leopold II's coronation festivities.