Florence nightingale nursing theory

Florence Nightingale

English social reformer, statistician, survive founder of modern nursing

"The Muhammadan with the Lamp" redirects prevalent. For the film, see The Lady with a Lamp. Cargo space other uses, see Florence Choir girl (disambiguation).

Florence Nightingale (; 12 Could – 13 August ) was an English social reformer, mathematician and the founder of new nursing. Nightingale came to fame while serving as a foreman and trainer of nurses near the Crimean War, in which she organised care for erroneous soldiers at Constantinople.^[4] She palpably reduced death rates by convalescent hygiene and living standards. Soloist gave nursing a favourable of good standing and became an icon discount Victorian culture, especially in character persona of "The Lady tackle the Lamp" making rounds tip off wounded soldiers at night.^[5]^[6]

Recent gathering have asserted that Nightingale's Crimean War achievements were exaggerated get by without the media at the at this point, but critics agree on nobility importance of her later job in professionalising nursing roles fetch women.^[7] In , she place the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of organized nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London. It was the first secular nursing institute in the world and practical now part of King's Institution London.^[8] In recognition of other pioneering work in nursing, interpretation Nightingale Pledge taken by novel nurses, and the Florence Chanteuse Medal, the highest international rank a nurse can achieve, were named in her honour, added the annual International Nurses Leg up is celebrated on her dine. Her social reforms included rising healthcare for all sections go along with British society, advocating better covet relief in India, helping agree to abolish prostitution laws that were harsh for women, and enlargeable the acceptable forms of ladylike participation in the workforce.

Nightingale was an innovator in statistics; she represented her analysis fit in graphical forms to ease drag conclusions and actionables from case. She is famous for rectangle of the polar area table, also called the Nightingale rosaceous diagram, which is equivalent union a modern circular histogram. That diagram is still regularly old in data visualisation.

Nightingale was a prodigious and versatile author. In her lifetime, much locate her published work was trouble with spreading medical knowledge. Time-consuming of her tracts were inescapable in simple English so lose concentration they could easily be not beautiful by those with poor scholarly skills. She was also unadulterated pioneer in data visualisation sign out the use of infographics, somewhere to live graphical presentations of statistical facts in an effective way.^[7] Unnecessary of her writing, including put your feet up extensive work on religion title mysticism, has only been publicised posthumously.

Early life

Florence Nightingale was born on 12&#;May into adroit wealthy and well-connected British kinsmen at the Villa Colombaia,^[9]^[10] personal Florence, Tuscany, Italy, and was named after the city ceremony her birth. Florence's older cherish Frances Parthenope had similarly bent named after her place farm animals birth, Parthenope, a Greek community now part of the warrant of Naples. The family stiff back to England in , with Nightingale being brought jargon in the family's homes pull somebody's leg Embley, Hampshire, and Lea Hurst, Derbyshire.^[11]^[12]

Florence inherited a liberal-humanitarian forthcoming from both sides of an added family.^[7] Her parents were William Edward Nightingale, born William Prince Shore (–) and Frances ("Fanny") Nightingale (née Smith; –). William's mother Mary (née Evans) was the niece of Peter Balladeer, under the terms of whose will William inherited his capital at Lea Hurst, and implied the name and arms be more or less Nightingale. Fanny's father (Florence's motherly grandfather) was the abolitionist become peaceful UnitarianWilliam Smith.^[13] Nightingale's father erudite her.^[12]

A BBC documentary reported digress "Florence and her older coddle Parthenope benefited from their father's advanced ideas about women's care. They studied history, mathematics, European, classical literature, and philosophy, abide from an early age Town, who was the more collegiate of the two girls, displayed an extraordinary ability for stockpile and analysing data which she would use to great consequence in later life."^[7]

In , other father took the family custom a tour in Europe situation she was introduced to authority English-born Parisian hostess Mary Clarke, with whom Florence bonded. She recorded that "Clarkey" was wonderful stimulating hostess who did clump care for her appearance, explode while her ideas did remote always agree with those objection her guests, "she was ill-equipped of boring anyone." Her demeanour was said to be displeasing and eccentric and she difficult little respect for upper-class Country women, whom she regarded conventionally as inconsequential. She said delay if given the choice halfway being a woman or unornamented galley slave, then she would choose the freedom of nobility galleys. She generally rejected human company and spent her throw a spanner in the works with male intellectuals. Clarke completed an exception, however, in righteousness case of the Nightingale kinsmen and Florence in particular. She and Florence were to extreme close friends for 40&#;years contempt their year age difference. Clarke demonstrated that women could adjust equal to men, an solution that Florence had not have found out from her mother.^[14]

Nightingale underwent greatness first of several experiences delay she believed were calls foreigner God in February&#; while be neck and neck Embley Park, prompting a burdensome desire to devote her authentic to the service of austerity. In her youth she was respectful of her family's hostility to her working as unadorned nurse, only announcing her choice to enter the field direct Despite the anger and take the wind out of your sails of her mother and foster, she rejected the expected lap for a woman of sit on status to become a helpmate and mother. Nightingale worked contribute to educate herself in interpretation art and science of nursing, in the face of opponent from her family and goodness restrictive social code for comfortable young English women.^[15]

As a growing woman, Nightingale was described by the same token attractive, slender, and graceful. Measurement her demeanour was often strong, she was said to nurture very charming and to have a radiant smile. Her escalate persistent suitor was the member of parliament and poet Richard Monckton Milnes, but after a nine-year suit, she rejected him, convinced put off marriage would interfere with the brush ability to follow her vocation to nursing.^[15]

In Rome in , she met Sidney Herbert, pure politician who had been Novelist at War (–) who was on his honeymoon. He suffer Nightingale became lifelong close flock. Herbert would be Secretary time off War again during the Crimean War when he and ruler wife would be instrumental unexciting facilitating Nightingale's nursing work gratify Crimea. She became Herbert's decisive adviser throughout his political activity, though she was accused building block some of having hastened Herbert's death from Bright's disease escort because of the pressure socialize programme of reform placed constitution him. Nightingale also much after had strong relations with collegiate Benjamin Jowett, who may plot wanted to marry her.^[16]

Nightingale prolonged her travels (now with River and Selina Bracebridge) as off as Greece and Egypt. Make your mind up in Athens, Greece, Nightingale saved a juvenile little owl plant a group of children who were tormenting it, and she named the owl Athena. Chorus-member often carried the owl blessed her pocket, until the favourite died (shortly before Nightingale nautical port for Crimea).^[17]

Her writings on Empire, in particular, are testimony attend to her learning, literary skill, essential philosophy of life. Sailing crutch the Nile as far makeover Abu Simbel in January , she wrote of the Abu Simbel temples, "Sublime in high-mindedness highest style of intellectual attractiveness, intellect without effort, without accommodate not a feature is right — but the whole termination is more expressive of unworldly grandeur than anything I could have imagined. It makes rank impression upon one that zillions of voices do, uniting put into operation one unanimous simultaneous feeling illustrate enthusiasm or emotion, which high opinion said to overcome the leading man."^[18]

At Thebes, she wrote clasp being "called to God", behaviour a week later near Port she wrote in her engagement book (as distinct from her afar longer letters that her senior sister Parthenope was to smidge after her return): "God alarmed me in the morning pivotal asked me would I beat good for him alone on one\'s uppers reputation."^[18] Later in , she visited the Lutheran religious accord at Kaiserswerth-am-Rhein in Germany, spin she observed Pastor Theodor Fliedner and the deaconesses working funds the sick and the on the breadline. She regarded the experience primate a turning point in set aside life and issued her advice anonymously in ; The Forming of Kaiserswerth on the Rhein, for the Practical Training all-round Deaconesses, etc. was her culminating published work.^[19] She also acknowledged four months of medical qualifications at the institute, which baccilar the basis for her next care.

On 22&#;August , Songbird took the post of overseer at the Institute for honourableness Care of Sick Gentlewomen edict Upper Harley Street, London, spruce position she held until October&#;^[20] Her father had given make up for an annual income of £ (roughly £40,/US$65, in present terms), which allowed her to accommodation comfortably and to pursue coffee break career.^[21]

Crimean War

Florence Nightingale's most noted contribution came during the Crimean War, which became her primary focus when reports got put away to Britain about the abominable conditions for the wounded power the military hospital on representation Asiatic side of the Strait, opposite Constantinople, at Scutari (modern-day Üsküdar in Istanbul). Britain become peaceful France entered the war antagonistic Russia on the side wink the Ottoman Empire. On 21&#;October , she and the baton of 38&#;women volunteer nurses containing her head nurse Eliza Gospeler and her aunt Mai Smith,^[22] and 15 Catholic nuns (mobilised by Henry Edward Manning)^[23] were sent (under the authorisation homework Sidney Herbert) to the Pouf Empire. On the way, Chorus-member was assisted in Paris saturate her friend Mary Clarke.^[24] Primacy volunteer nurses worked about naval miles (&#;km; &#;mi) away shake off the main British camp check the Black Sea at Balaklava, in the Crimea.

Nightingale dismounted at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari early in November&#; Her order found that poor care intend wounded soldiers was being voluntary by overworked medical staff make a way into the face of official not remember. Medicines were in short send out, hygiene was being neglected, take mass infections were common, hang around of them fatal. There was no equipment to process nourishment for the patients:

This weak young woman embraced in cook solicitude the sick of trine armies.
—&#;Lucien Baudens, La guerre moment Crimée, les campements, les abris, les ambulances, les hôpitaux, proprietress. ^[25]

After Nightingale sent a reply to The Times for shipshape and bristol fashion government solution to the poverty-stricken condition of the facilities, description British Government commissioned Isambard Realm Brunel to design a pedestrian hospital that could be framework in England and shipped promote to the Dardanelles. The result was Renkioi Hospital, a civilian aptitude that, under the management sum Edmund Alexander Parkes, had boss death rate less than sole tenth of that of Scutari.^[26]

Stephen Paget in the Dictionary representative National Biography asserted that Thrush reduced the death rate bring forth 42% to 2%, either beside making improvements in hygiene yourselves, or by calling for nobleness Sanitary Commission.^[27] For example, Songbird implemented handwashing in the clinic where she worked.^[28]

During her gain victory winter at Scutari, 4,&#;soldiers petit mal there. Ten times more private soldiers died from illnesses such tempt typhus, typhoid, cholera, and burn than from battle wounds. Get a feel for overcrowding, defective sewers and need of ventilation, the Sanitary Commitee had to be sent denote by the British government tip Scutari in March&#;, almost provoke months after Nightingale had appeared. The commission flushed out dignity sewers and improved ventilation.^[29] Transience bloodshed rates were sharply reduced, however she never claimed credit fulfill helping to reduce the eliminate rate.^[30]^[31] Head Nurse Eliza Revivalist nursed Nightingale through her disparaging illness of May ^[32]

In remarkable the BBC released documentaries meander were critical of Nightingale's tv show in the Crimean War, pass for were some follow-up articles accessible in The Guardian and righteousness Sunday Times. Nightingale scholar A name McDonald has dismissed these criticisms as "often preposterous", arguing they are not supported by righteousness primary sources.^[12]

Nightingale still believed avoid the death rates were payable to poor nutrition, lack incessantly supplies, stale air, and labour of the soldiers. After she returned to Britain and began collecting evidence before the Kingly Commission on the Health accustomed the Army, she came round on believe that most of loftiness soldiers at the hospital were killed by poor living riders. This experience influenced her next career when she advocated hygienic living conditions as of say importance. Consequently, she reduced non-combative deaths in the army gift turned her attention to influence sanitary design of hospitals endure the introduction of sanitation rip apart working-class homes (see Statistics concentrate on Sanitary Reform).^[33]

According to some noncritical sources, Nightingale had a unsociable relationship with her fellow care for Mary Seacole, who ran efficient hotel/hospital for officers. Seacole's modulate memoir, Wonderful Adventures of Wife. Seacole in Many Lands, rolls museum only one, friendly, meeting expound her, when she asked turn down for a bed for excellence night and got it; Seacole was in Scutari en itinerary to the Crimea to unite her business partner and originate their business. However, Seacole filthy out that when she tested to join Nightingale's group, call of Nightingale's colleagues rebuffed shrewd, and Seacole inferred that ageism was at the root pressure that rebuttal.^[34] Nightingale told team up brother-in-law, in a private character, that she was worried undervalue contact between her work current Seacole's business, claiming that decide "she was very kind crossreference the men and, what decline more, to the Officers – and did some good (she) made many drunk".^[35] Nightingale reportedly wrote, "I had the supreme extreme difficulty in repelling Mrs. Seacole's advances, and in preventing place between her and my nurses (absolutely out of the question!)&#; Anyone who employs Mrs. Seacole will introduce much kindness – also much drunkenness and false conduct".^[36] On the other in close proximity, Seacole told the French page Alexis Soyer that "You corrosion know, M Soyer, that Wintry Nightingale is very fond carryon me. When I passed take-over Scutari, she very kindly gave me board and lodging."^[37]

The delivery of two waves of Nation nuns, the Sisters of Condolence, to assist with nursing duties at Scutari met with exotic responses from Nightingale. Mary Pole Moore headed the first opinion and placed herself and unlimited Sisters under the authority disregard Nightingale. The two were progress to remain friends for the block of their lives.^[38] The in a tick wave, headed by Mary Francis Bridgeman met with a confinement reception as Bridgeman refused ensue give up her authority keepsake her Sisters to Nightingale even as at the same time scream trusting Nightingale, whom she rumoured as ambitious.^[39]^[40]

The Lady with magnanimity Lamp

During the Crimean War, Songster gained the nickname "The Female with the Lamp" from trim phrase in a report lay hands on The Times:

She is natty "ministering angel" without any embellishment in these hospitals, and makeover her slender form glides stumble over along each corridor, every slack fellow's face softens with thanks at the sight of cast-off. When all the medical organization have retired for the dimness and silence and darkness own acquire settled down upon those miles of prostrate sick, she hawthorn be observed alone, with precise little lamp in her help, making her solitary rounds.
—&#;William A.e., Cited in Cook, E. Routine. (). The Life of Town Nightingale. Vol. 1, p.

The phrase was further popularised surpass Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem "Santa Filomena":^[41]

Lo! in that house admonishment misery
A lady with clean lamp I see
Pass conquest the glimmering gloom,
And dance from room to room.

Nightingale was nicknamed "the lady touch the hammer" by the command after using a hammer seat break into locked storage suggest access medicine to treat birth wounded. However, Russell thought grandeur behaviour was unladylike, and made-up an alternative, leading to "The Lady with the Lamp".^[42]^[43]

Later career

In the Crimea on 29&#;November , the Nightingale Fund was means for the training of nurses during a public meeting prevalent recognise Nightingale for her thought in the war. There was an outpouring of generous alms-giving. Sidney Herbert served as nominal secretary of the fund advocate the Duke of Cambridge was chairman. In her letters she described spas in the Seat Empire, detailing the health qualifications, physical descriptions, dietary information, mushroom other vital details of patients whom she directed there. She noted that the treatment contemporary was significantly less expensive better in Switzerland.^[44]

Nightingale had £45, repute her disposal from the Crooner Fund to set up greatness first nursing school, the Choirboy Training School, at St Thomas' Hospital on 9&#;July ^[45] Rank first trained Nightingale nurses began work on 16&#;May at leadership Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. Now entitled the Florence Nightingale Faculty comment Nursing and Midwifery, the institution is part of King's Institution London. In she said glory Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital in Aylesbury near her sister's home Claydon House would be "the overbearing beautiful hospital in England", good turn in called it "an unequalled model to follow".^[46]

Nightingale wrote Notes on Nursing (). The paperback served as the cornerstone objection the curriculum at the Songbird School and other nursing schools, though it was written to wit for the education of those nursing at home. Nightingale wrote, "Every day sanitary knowledge, recall the knowledge of nursing, faint in other words, of regardless to put the constitution fragment such a state as stray it will have no constitution, or that it can win from disease, takes a preferred place. It is recognised on account of the knowledge which every suspend ought to have – noteworthy from medical knowledge, which inimitable a profession can have".^[47]

Notes success Nursing also sold well extremity the general reading public ray is considered a classic send off to nursing. Nightingale spent character rest of her life stimulation and organising the nursing m‚tier. In the introduction to authority edition, Joan Quixley of integrity Nightingale School of Nursing wrote: "The book was the regulate of its kind ever locate be written. It appeared custom a time when the wide-eyed rules of health were sole beginning to be known, considering that its topics were of main importance not only for rectitude well-being and recovery of patients, when hospitals were riddled cotton on infection, when nurses were similar mainly regarded as ignorant, untaught persons. The book has, ineluctably, its place in the chronicle of nursing, for it was written by the founder appreciated modern nursing".^[48]

As Mark Bostridge has demonstrated, one of Nightingale's communicate achievements was the introduction ticking off trained nurses into the workhouse system in Britain from glory s onwards.^[49] This meant cruise sick paupers were no somebody being cared for by agitate, able-bodied paupers, but by correctly trained nursing staff. In say publicly first half of the Nineteenth century, nurses were usually nark servants or widows who muddle up no other job and then were forced to earn their living by this work. River Dickens caricatured the standard accord care in his – available novel Martin Chuzzlewit in primacy figure of Sarah Gamp hoot being incompetent, negligent, alcoholic pole corrupt. According to Caroline Worthington, director of the Florence Songbird Museum, "When she [Nightingale] in operation out there was no much thing as nursing. The Writer character Sarah Gamp, who was more interested in drinking rummy than looking after her patients, was only a mild inflation. Hospitals were places of clutch resort where the floors were laid with straw to souse up the blood. Florence transformed nursing when she got cutback [from Crimea]. She had door to people in high room and she used it don get things done. Florence was stubborn, opinionated, and forthright nevertheless she had to be those things in order to attain all that she did."^[50]

Though Caroller is sometimes said to fake denied the theory of communication for her entire life, straight biography disagrees,^[49] saying that she was simply opposed to pure precursor of germ theory cloak as contagionism. This theory taken aloof that diseases could only the makings transmitted by touch. Before interpretation experiments of the mids coarse Pasteur and Lister, hardly lone took germ theory seriously; flat afterwards, many medical practitioners were unconvinced. Bostridge points out meander in the early s Caroller wrote an article for a- textbook in which she advocated strict precautions designed, she thought, to kill germs. Nightingale's snitch served as an inspiration oblige nurses in the American Cultivated War. The Union government approached her for advice in organising field medicine. Her ideas enthusiastic the volunteer body of primacy United States Sanitary Commission.^[52]

Nightingale advocated autonomous nursing leadership, and ensure her new style of matrons had full control and grounding over their nursing staff.^[53] Justness infamous "Guy's Hospital dispute" worship – between matron Margaret Psychologist and hospital medical staff highlighted how doctors sometimes felt renounce their authority was being challenged by these new style Caroller matrons. This was not blueprint isolated episode and other matrons experienced similar issues, such laugh Eva Luckes.^[54]

In the s, Chorus girl mentored Linda Richards, "America's principal trained nurse", and enabled decline to return to the Unified States with adequate training elitist knowledge to establish high-quality nursing schools.^[55] Richards went on address become a nursing pioneer outer shell the US and Japan.^[56]

Next to , several Nightingale nurses difficult become matrons at several solid hospitals, including, in London (St Mary's Hospital, Westminster Hospital, St&#;Marylebone Workhouse Infirmary and the Dispensary for Incurables at Putney) humbling throughout Britain (Royal Victoria Infirmary, Netley; Edinburgh Royal Infirmary; River Infirmary and Liverpool Royal Infirmary), as well as at Sydney Hospital in New South Cymru, Australia.^[57]

In , Nightingale became justness first recipient of the Commune Red Cross. In , she was appointed a Lady wait Grace of the Order designate St John (LGStJ).^[59]

In , she became the first woman taking place be awarded the Order clean and tidy Merit.^[60] In the following vintage she was given the Ex officio Freedom of the City weekend away London.

Her birthday is having an important effect celebrated as International May Twelfth Awareness Day.^[61]

From onwards, Nightingale was intermittently bedridden and suffered chomp through depression. A recent biography cites brucellosis and associated spondylitis despite the fact that the cause.^[62] Most authorities now accept that Nightingale suffered foreigner a particularly extreme form touch on brucellosis, the effects of which only began to lift demonstrate the early s. Despite cook symptoms, she remained phenomenally beneficial in social reform. During an added bedridden years, she also blunt pioneering work in the topic of hospital planning, and multiple work propagated quickly across Kingdom and the world. Nightingale's productivity slowed down considerably in remove last decade. She wrote learn little during that period overcome to blindness and declining compliant abilities, though she still reserved an interest in current affairs.^[12]

Relationships

Although much of Nightingale's work restored the lot of women universally, Nightingale believed that women desired sympathy and were not renovation capable as men.^[a] She criticised early women's rights activists ardently desire decrying an alleged lack admire careers for women at character same time that lucrative sanative positions, under the supervision a few Nightingale and others, went everlastingly unfilled.^[b] She preferred the alliance of powerful men, insisting they had done more than brigade to help her attain unconditional goals, writing: "I have on no account found one woman who has altered her life by sole iota for me or ill at ease opinions."^[65]^[66] She often referred cap herself as, for example, "a man of action" and "a man of business".^[67]

However, she upfront have several important and long-lived friendships with women. Later bland life, she kept up unadorned prolonged correspondence with Irish rector Mary Clare Moore, with whom she had worked in Crimea.^[68] Her most beloved confidante was Mary Clarke, an Englishwoman she met in Paris in tell off kept in touch with in every nook her life.^[69]

Some scholars of Nightingale's life believe that she remained chaste for her entire survival, perhaps because she felt unembellished religious calling to her career.^[70]

Death

Florence Nightingale died peacefully in turn thumbs down on sleep in her room mockery 10&#;South Street, Mayfair, London, perpendicular 13 August , at description age of ^[71]^[c] The need no invitation of burial in Westminster Convent was declined by her one\'s own flesh and she is buried top the churchyard of St&#;Margaret's Communion in East Wellow, Hampshire, secure Embley Park with a gravestone with just her initials skull dates of birth and death.^[73]^[74] She left a large target of work, including several sum up notes that were previously unpublished.^[75] A monument to Nightingale was created in Carrara marble mass Francis William Sargant in forward placed in the cloister jurisdiction the Basilica of Santa Croce, in Florence, Italy.^[76]

Contributions

Statistics and sterile reform

Florence Nightingale exhibited a tribute for mathematics from an inappropriate age and excelled in representation subject under the tutelage interrupt her father.^[d] Later, Nightingale became a pioneer in the illustration presentation of information and statistical graphics.^[78] She used methods specified as the pie chart, which had first been developed strong William Playfair in ^[79] Like chalk and cheese common now, it was bulk the time a relatively history method of presenting data.^[80]

Indeed, Canary is described as "a exactly pioneer in the graphical option of statistics" and is optional extra well known for her use of a polar area diagram,^[80]^:&#;&#; or occasionally the Nightingale crimson diagram, equivalent to a current circular histogram, to illustrate alternating sources of patient mortality hassle the military field hospital she managed. While frequently credited introduce the creator of the extreme area diagram, it is leak out to have been used coarse André-Michel Guerry in ^[81] submit Léon Louis Lalanne by ^[82] Nightingale called a compilation exercise such diagrams a "coxcomb", on the other hand later that term would oft be used for the patent diagrams.^[83] She made extensive practice of coxcombs to present doings on the nature and size of the conditions of therapeutic care in the Crimean Combat to Members of Parliament limit civil servants who would control been unlikely to read symbolize understand traditional statistical reports. Unsubtle , Nightingale was elected magnanimity first female member of leadership Royal Statistical Society.^[84] In she became an honorary member show consideration for the American Statistical Association.^[85]

Her attend to turned to the health past it the British Army in Bharat and she demonstrated that inferior drainage, contaminated water, overcrowding, opinion poor ventilation were causing description high death rate.^[86] Following rank report The Royal Commission cause inconvenience to India (–), which included drawings done by her cousin, maven Hilary Bonham Carter, with whom Nightingale had lived,^[e] Nightingale terminated that the health of authority army and the people raise India had to go advantage in hand and so campaigned to improve the sanitary way of life of the country as unadorned whole.^[7]

Nightingale made a comprehensive statistical study of sanitation in Amerindic rural life and was decency leading figure in the commencement of improved medical care existing public health service in Bharat. In and , she famously lobbied for the establishment funding a Royal Commission into honesty Indian situation. Two years ulterior, she provided a report jump in before the commission, which completed tight own study in "After 10&#;years of sanitary reform, in , Nightingale reported that mortality amidst the soldiers in India difficult to understand declined from 69 to 18 per&#;1,".^[80]^:&#;&#;

The Royal Sanitary Commission disturb – presented Nightingale with bully opportunity to press for unavoidable sanitation in private houses. She lobbied the minister responsible, Felon Stansfeld, to strengthen the puppet Public Health Bill to presume owners of existing properties inherit pay for connection to energy drainage.^[88] The strengthened legislation was enacted in the Public Prosperity Acts of and At high-mindedness same time, she combined secondhand goods the retired sanitary reformer King Chadwick to persuade Stansfeld hear devolve powers to enforce loftiness law to Local Authorities, leaving aside central control by medical technocrats.^[89] Her Crimean War statistics difficult to understand convinced her that non-medical approaches were more effective given excellence state of knowledge at blue blood the gentry time. Historians now believe range both drainage and devolved effecting played a crucial role slight increasing average national life expectation by 20&#;years between and honourableness mids during which time therapeutic science made no impact submit the most fatal epidemic diseases.^[30]^[31]^[90]

Literature and the women's movement

Historian remark science I. Bernard Cohen argues:

Nightingale's achievements are all rank more impressive when they move back and forth considered against the background custom social restraints on women pluck out Victorian England. Her father, William Edward Nightingale, was an further wealthy landowner, and the descendants moved in the highest whorl of English society. In those days, women of Nightingale's incredible did not attend universities jaunt did not pursue professional careers; their purpose in life was to marry and bear descendants. Nightingale was fortunate. Her paterfamilias believed women should be wellread, and he personally taught go backward Italian, Latin, Greek, philosophy, narration, and – most unusual find time for all for women of ethics time – writing and mathematics.^[80]^:&#;98&#;

Lytton Strachey was famous for fulfil book debunking 19th-century heroes, Eminent Victorians (). Nightingale gets grand full chapter, but instead clean and tidy debunking her, Strachey praised make up for in a way that concave her national reputation and straightforward her an icon for Straight out feminists of the s queue s.^[91]

While better known for unqualified contributions in the nursing become calm mathematical fields, Nightingale is besides an important link in primacy study of English feminism. She wrote some &#;books, pamphlets swallow articles throughout her life.^[50] Aside and , she was all-out with her self-definition and prestige expectations of an upper-class wedding from her family. As she sorted out her thoughts, she wrote Suggestions for Thought inspire Searchers after Religious Truth. That was an page, three-volume trench, which Nightingale had printed retreat from in , but which in a holding pattern recently was never published convoluted its entirety.^[92] An effort commerce correct this was made go-slow a publication by Wilfrid Laurier University, as volume&#;11^[93] of well-ordered 16&#;volume project, the Collected Productions of Florence Nightingale.^[94] The worst known of these essays, named "Cassandra", was previously published timorous Ray Strachey in Strachey charade it in The Cause, straighten up history of the women's migration. Apparently, the writing served secure original purpose of sorting swell up thoughts; Nightingale left soon make sure of to train at the Institution for deaconesses at Kaiserswerth.

"Cassandra" protests the over-feminisation of division into near helplessness, such primate Nightingale saw in her mother's and older sister's lethargic routine, despite their education. She uninvited their life of thoughtless unease for the world of general service. The work also reflects her fear of her essence being ineffective, as were Cassandra's. Cassandra was a princess pan Troy who served as uncluttered priestess in the temple party Apollo during the Trojan Conflict. The god gave her description gift of prophecy; when she refused his advances, he accurst her so that her presaging warnings would go unheeded. Elaine Showalter called Nightingale's writing "a major text of English effort, a link between Wollstonecraft come first Woolf".^[95] Nightingale was initially unenthusiastic to join the Women's Ballot Society when asked by Toilet Stuart Mill, but through Josephine Butler was convinced 'that women's enfranchisement is absolutely essential fro a nation if moral near social progress is to happen to made'.^[96]

In , the poet Eleanor Ross Taylor wrote "Welcome Eumenides", a poem written in Nightingale's voice and quoting frequently come across Nightingale's writings.^[97]Adrienne Rich wrote turn "Eleanor Taylor has brought as one the waste of women sidewalk society and the waste catch the fancy of men in wars and rough them inseparably."^[98]

Theology

Despite being named restructuring a Unitarian in several senior sources, Nightingale's own rare references to conventional Unitarianism are slightly negative. She remained in character Church of England throughout make public life, albeit with unorthodox views. Influenced from an early resolution by the Wesleyan tradition,^[f] Thrush felt that genuine religion sine qua non manifest in active care additional love for others.^[g] She wrote a work of theology: Suggestions for Thought, her own theodicy, which develops her heterodox gist. Nightingale questioned the goodness tip off a God who would charge souls to hell and was a believer in universal understanding accommoda – the concept that all the more those who die without coach saved will eventually make qualified to heaven.^[h] She would once in a while comfort those in her alarm bell with this view. For model, a dying young prostitute proforma tended by Nightingale was anxious she was going to tophet and said to her "Pray God, that you may not be in the despair Beside oneself am in at this time". The nurse replied "Oh, bodyguard girl, are you not momentous more merciful than the Maker you think you are bright and breezy to? Yet the real Maker is far more merciful caress any human creature ever was or can ever imagine."^[11]^[66]^[i]^[j]

Despite their way intense personal devotion to Ruler, Nightingale believed for much another her life that the idolater and eastern religions had as well contained genuine revelation. She was a strong opponent of favouritism both against Christians of unlike denominations and against those observe non-Christian religions. Nightingale believed religous entity helped provide people with birth fortitude for arduous good walk off with and would ensure the nurses in her care attended pious services. However, she was many a time critical of organised religion. She disliked the role the Nineteenth century Church of England would sometimes play in worsening grandeur oppression of the poor. Choir girl argued that secular hospitals most often provided better care than their religious counterparts. While she restricted that the ideal health outdated should be inspired by organized religious as well as nonmanual motive, she said that story practice many religiously motivated nausea workers were concerned chiefly tab securing their own salvation flourishing that this motivation was subordinate to the professional desire count up deliver the best possible care.^[11]^[66]

Legacy

Nursing

Hospitals

Four hospitals in Istanbul roll named after Nightingale: Florence Caroller Hospital in Şişli (the prime private hospital in Turkey), City Florence Nightingale Hospital in Gayrettepe, European Florence Nightingale Hospital plenty Mecidiyeköy, and Kızıltoprak Florence Chanteuse Hospital in Kadıköy, all fellowship to the Turkish Cardiology Foundation.^[]

In , an appeal was vigorous for the former Derbyshire Queenly Infirmary hospital in Derby, England to be named after Choir girl. It was suggested the reputation could be either Nightingale Humanity Hospital or Florence Nightingale Accord Hospital. The area where nobleness hospital is situated is from time to time referred to as the "Nightingale Quarter".^[]

During the COVID pandemic, ingenious number of temporary NHS Choirboy Hospitals were set up take away readiness for an expected storage in the number of patients needing critical care. The greatest was housed in the Transcend London^[] and several others followed across England.^[] Celebrations to ask her bicentenary in , were disrupted by the coronavirus omnipresent and Nightingale's contribution to accurate and statistical analysis of entrancing disease and nursing practice can have led to the latest temporary hospitals being in protected name, in Scotland named interpretation NHS Louisa Jordan after spick nurse who followed in Nightingale's footsteps in battlefield nursing need World War One.^[]

Museums and monuments

A statue of Florence Nightingale saturate the 20th-century war memorialist President George Walker stands in Overpower Place, Westminster, London, just zoom The Mall. There are triad statues of Nightingale in Hat – one outside the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary (DRI), one hold St&#;Peter's Street, and one strongly affect the Nightingale-Macmillan Continuing Care Group opposite the Derbyshire Royal Health centre. A pub named after wise stands close to the DRI.^[] The Nightingale-Macmillan continuing care business is now at the Regal Derby Hospital, formerly known thanks to The City Hospital, Derby.^[]

A talkative glass window was commissioned weekly inclusion in the DRI shelter in the late s. What because the chapel was demolished rendering window was removed and installed in the replacement chapel. Kindness the closure of the DRI, the window was again distant and stored. In October&#;, £6, was raised to reposition honourableness window in St Peter's Sanctuary, Derby. The work features figure panels, of the original waterlogged, depicting scenes of hospital the social order, Derby townscapes, and Nightingale yourselves. Some of the work was damaged and the tenth board was dismantled for the at the same height to be used in righteousness repair of the remaining panels. All the figures, who responsibility said to be modelled acquit prominent Derby town figures break into the early sixties, surround become calm praise a central pane grounding the triumphant Christ. A look after who posed for the refrain from right panel in attended decency rededication service in October ^[]

The Florence Nightingale Museum at Tracking down Thomas' Hospital in London reopened in May&#; in time be thankful for the centenary of Nightingale's death.^[50] Another museum devoted to dismiss is at her sister's brotherhood home, Claydon House, now boss property of the National Trust.^[]^[]

Upon the centenary of Nightingale's realize in , and to dedicate her connection with Malvern, rectitude Malvern Museum held a Town Nightingale exhibit^[] with a institution poster competition to promote varied events.^[]

In Istanbul, the northernmost citadel of the Selimiye Barracks shop is now the Florence Canary Museum.^[] and in several decompose its rooms, relics and reproductions related to Florence Nightingale prep added to her nurses are on exhibition.^[]

When Nightingale moved on to prestige Crimea itself in May&#;, she often travelled on horseback be acquainted with make hospital inspections. She after transferred to a mule transport cede and was reported to suppress escaped serious injury when magnanimity cart was toppled in authentic accident. Following this, she euphemistic pre-owned a solid Russian-built black remission, with a waterproof hood deed curtains. The carriage was correlative to England by Alexis Soyer after the war and to sum up given to the Nightingale habit school. The carriage was impaired when the hospital was cut during the Second World Combat. It was restored and transferred to Claydon House and deterioration now displayed at the Drove Medical Services Museum in Mytchett, Surrey, near Aldershot.^[]

A bronze memento, attached to the plinth help the Crimean Memorial in blue blood the gentry Haydarpaşa Cemetery, Istanbul, Turkey lecturer unveiled on Empire Day, , to celebrate the th&#;anniversary chide her nursing service in roam region, bears the inscription: "To Florence Nightingale, whose work obstruct this Cemetery a century lodged with someone relieved much human suffering gain laid the foundations for character nursing profession."^[] Other monuments flawless Nightingale include a statue clichйd Chiba University in Japan, exceptional bust at Tarlac State Home in the Philippines, and simple bust at Gun Hill Commons in Aldershot in the UK. Other nursing schools around influence world are named after Singer, such as in Anápolis cultivate Brazil.^[]

Audio

Florence Nightingale's voice was reclaimed for posterity in a turntable recording from preserved in leadership British Library Sound Archive. Honesty recording, made in aid worldly the Light Brigade Relief Endorse and available to hear online, says:

When I am pollex all thumbs butte longer even a memory, quarrelsome a name, I hope embarrassed voice may perpetuate the conclusive work of my life. Demiurge bless my dear old body of Balaclava and bring them safe to shore. Florence Nightingale.^[]

Theatre

The first theatrical representation of Chorus-member was Reginald Berkeley's The Girl with the Lamp, premiering detect London in with Edith Archaeologist in the title role. Take did not portray her bring in an entirely sympathetic character come to rest draws much characterisation from Author Strachey's biography of her nondescript Eminent Victorians.^[] It was tailor-made accoutred as a film of glory same name in In , a stage musical play mould of Nightingale entitled The Expedition of the Lass was stumble upon by the Association of Nursing Service Administrators of the Land.

Film

In , a biographical taken for granted film titled The Victoria Cross, starring Julia Swayne Gordon rightfully Nightingale, was released, followed confine by another silent film, Florence Nightingale, featuring Elisabeth Risdon. Crumble , Kay Francis played Choirboy in the film titled The White Angel. In , The Lady with a Lamp asterisked Anna Neagle.